• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.129-143
• /
• 2024

In recent years, with the vigorous development of visual algorithms, a large amount of research has been conducted on blade surface defect detection methods represented by deep learning. Detection methods based on deep learning models must rely on a large and rich dataset. However, the geographical location and working environment of wind turbines makes it difficult to effectively capture images of blade surface defects, which inevitably hinders visual detection. In response to the challenge of collecting a dataset for surface defects that are difficult to obtain, a multi-class blade surface defect generation method based on the StyleGAN3 (Style Generative Adversarial Networks 3) deep learning model and PBGMs (Physics-Based Graphics Models) method has been proposed. Firstly, a small number of real blade surface defect datasets are trained using the adversarial neural network of the StyleGAN3 deep learning model to generate a large number of high-resolution blade surface defect images. Secondly, the generated images are processed through Matting and Resize operations to create defect foreground images. The blade background images produced using PBGM technology are randomly fused, resulting in a diverse and high-resolution blade surface defect dataset with multiple types of backgrounds. Finally, experimental validation has proven that the adoption of this method can generate images with defect characteristics and high resolution, achieving a proportion of over 98.5%. Additionally, utilizing the EISeg annotation method significantly reduces the annotation time to just 1/7 of the time required for traditional methods. These generated images and annotated data of blade surface defects provide robust support for the detection of blade surface defects.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.133-138
• /
• 2024

This study evaluates the structural safety of wind turbine blades, analyzes the behavior of composite laminate structures with and without defects, and assesses surface erosion wear. The NREL 5 MW standard is applied to assign accurate composite material properties to each blade section. Modeling and analysis of the wind turbine blades reveal stable behavior under individual load conditions (gravity, motor speed, wind speed), with the web bearing most of the load. Surface erosion wear analysis in which microparticle impacts are simulated on the blade coating shows a maximum stress and maximum displacement of 14 MPa and 0.02 mm, respectively, indicating good initial durability, but suggest potential long-term performance issues due to cumulative effects. The study examines defect effects on composite laminate structures to compare the stress distribution, strain, and stiffness characteristics between normal and cracked states. Although normal conditions exhibit stable behavior, crack defects lead to fiber breakage, high-stress concentration in the vulnerable resin layer, and decreased rigidity. This demonstrates that local defects can compromise the safety of the entire structure. The study utilizes finite element analysis to simulate various load scenarios and defect conditions. Results show that even minor defects can significantly alter stress distributions and potentially lead to catastrophic failure if left unaddressed. These findings provide valuable insights for wind turbine blade safety evaluations, surface protection strategies, and composite structure health management. The methodology and results can inform the design improvements, maintenance strategies, and defect detection techniques of the wind energy industry.

• 한국신뢰성학회지:신뢰성응용연구
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.224-235
• /
• 2017

Purpose: Reliability is the most important factor to detect defects as wind turbines are deployed in large blades. The methods of detecting defects are various, such as non-destructive inspection and thermal imaging inspection. We propose the phased array ultrasonic testing method of non-destructive testing. Methods: We propose the active pressure mechanism for wind power blade. The phase array ultrasonic inspection method is used for fault detection inner blade surface. Controlled pressure of mechanism with respect to z-axis is important for guarantee the result of phase array ultrasonic inspection. The model based control and proposed mechanism are utilized for overall system stability and effectiveness of system. Result: The result of proposed pressure mechanism B is more stable than A. Convergence speed is also faster than A. Conclusion: We confirmed the performance of the proposed constant pressure mechanism through experiments. Non-destructive testing was applied to the specimen to confirm the reliability of detecting defects.

• 청정기술
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.90-94
• /
• 2017

현재 풍력발전은 우리나라에서 가장 주목 받고 있는 신재생에너지 분야로 많은 연구가 진행 중이다. 풍력발전을 구성하는 요소 중 핵심 요소인 블레이드에 손상이 발생할 경우에 발전 효율에 직접적인 영향을 미치므로 효율적인 유지보수를 위해 초기에 결함을 측정하는 기술이 매우 중요한 상태이다. 그러나 기존의 초음파 비파괴 검사 및 열화상 비파괴 검사는 소요시간이 길고 실시간 모니터링이 어려우므로 초기 결함 측정이 불가능하다. 기존의 문제를 보완하고자 본 논문에서는 표면파를 이용한 블레이드 표면상태 실시간 모니터링에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 압전센서 기반의 시스템을 구성하여 블레이드 표면샘플에 대해 공정 변수 별 기초 성능 실험을 하였고, 소형 블레이드에 대해 공정변수 별 실험을 통해 블레이드의 크랙, 벗겨짐, 장애물 등을 실시간으로 모니터링이 가능한지 연구 하였다.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.109-119
• /
• 2016

When manufactured parts undergo large deformations during the manufacturing process, the global specifications of a part based on the concept of tolerance zone defined in the ISO 1101 standard [1] enable one to control the part's global defects. However, the extent of this tolerance zone is too large when the objective is to minimize local defects, such as hollows and bumps. Therefore, it is necessary to address local defects and global defects separately. This paper refers to the ISO 10579 standard [2] for flexible parts, which enables us to define a stressed state in order to measure the part by straightening it to simulate its position in the mechanism. The originality of this approach is that the straightening operation is performed numerically by calculating the displacement of a cloud of points. The results lead to a quantification of the global defects through various simple models and enable us to extract local defects. The outcome is an acceptable tolerance solution. The procedure is first developed for the simple example of a steel bar with a rectangular cross section, then applied to an industrial case involving a complex 3D surface of a turbine blade. The specification is described through ISO standards both in the free state and in the straightened state.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.200-209
• /
• 2022

In this study, defects generated in the YSZ coating layer of the IN738LC turbine blade are investigated using an optical microscope and SEM/EDS. The blade YSZ coating layer is composed of a Y-Zr component top coat layer and a Co component bond coat layer. A large amount of Cr/Ni component that diffused from the base is also measured in the bond coat. The blade hot corrosion is concentrated on the surface of the concave part, accompanied by separation of the coating layer due to the concentration of combustion gas collisions here. In the top coating layer of the blade, cracks occur in the vertical and horizontal directions, along with pits in the top coating layer. Combustion gas components such as Na and S are contained inside the pits and cracks, so it is considered that the pits/cracks are caused by the corrosion of the combustion gases. Also, a thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer of several ㎛ thick composed of Al oxide is observed between the top coat and the bond coat, and a similar inner TGO with a thickness of several ㎛ is also observed between the bond coat and the matrix. A PFZ (precipitate free zone) deficient in γ' (Ni₃Al) forms as a band around the TGO, in which the Al component is integrated. Although TGO can resist high temperature corrosion of the top coat, it should also be considered that if its shape is irregular and contains pore defects, it may degrade the blade high temperature creep properties. Compositional and microstructural analysis results for high-temperature corrosion and TGO defects in the blade coating layer used at high temperatures are expected to be applied to sound YSZ coating and blade design technology.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제37권10호
• /
• pp.1201-1206
• /
• 2013

풍력 발전 블레이드의 제조 및 운영 중에 발생하는 결함들은 블레이드의 수명과 안전성에 큰 영향을 미친다. 일반적으로 블레이드의 제조 과정에서는 박리, 기공, 주름, 모재 균열 등과 같은 결함이 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 이미지 상관 기법을 이용하여 변형률 분포를 확인함으로써 블레이드의 제조 과정에서 주로 나타나는 결함 중 하나인 기공 결함의 검출능을 조사하였다. $0^{\circ}/{\pm}45^{\circ}$의 섬유 방향을 가진 4 Ply 로 적층된 GFRP 복합재 시험편에 인공적인 기공 결함을 삽입하여 기공의 크기 및 위치에 따른 검출 의존성을 조사하였다. 기공의 크기는 지름 1, 2, 3 mm 이며, 기공의 위치는 시험편 표면으로부터 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mm 깊이에 삽입하였다. 부하된 시험 하중은 최대 200 MPa 이며, 이미지 상관 기법을 통해 변형률 분포를 획득하여 지름 2, 3 mm의 기공과 깊이 0.5, 1.0 mm의 기공 결함을 검출할 수 있었다.

• 한국기계가공학회지
• /
• 제20권10호
• /
• pp.72-79
• /
• 2021

A circular saw is an effective tool for cutting glass and carbon-fiber hybrid composites. This study investigated tool wear and cut quality when reusing saw blades. The carbide saws wear four times faster than the new ones, and polycrystalline diamond (PCD) is very resistant to tool wear, except at the end of its lifespan. The cut cross-section quality is affected by the blade type, tool wear, and spindle speed. Alternate top bevel (ATB)-type blades are suitable for cutting fiber-reinforced plastics, but triple-chip grind (TCG)-type blades are unsuitable because they cause fiber-pullout defects. Tool wear and low spindle speeds increase the occurrence of arc scratches, due to the rear saw blade. A microscopic examination showed that the burr, which is a mixture of fiber chips and epoxy matrix, was bonded on top, and glass-fiber delamination occurred on the bottom glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) surface.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정밀공학회 2005년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.192-196
• /
• 2005

Key part of main equipment in a gas turbine may be likely to be damaged due to operation under high temperature, high pressure, high-speed rotation, etc. Accordingly, the cost for maintenance increases and the damaged parts may cause generation to stop. The number of parts for maintenance also increases, but diagnostics technology fur the maintenance actually does not catch up with the demand. Blades are made of precipitation hardening Ni superalloy IN738 and the like for keeping hot strength. The surface of a blade is thermal-sprayed, using powder with main compositions such as Ni, Cr, Al, etc. in order to inhibit hot oxidation. Conventional regular maintenance of the coating layer of a blade is made by FPI (Fluorescent Penetrant Inspection) and MTP (Magnetic Particle Testing). Such methods, however, are complicated and take long time and also require much cost. In this study, defect diagnostics were tested for the coating layer of an industrial gas turbine blade, using an infraredthermography camera. Since the infrared thermography method can check a temperature distribution on a wide range of area by means of non-contact, it can advantageously save expenses and time as compared to conventional test methods. For the infrared thermography method, however, thermo-load must be applied onto a tested specimen and it is difficult to quantify the measured data. To solve the problems, this essay includes description about producing a specimen of a gas turbine blade (bucket), applying thermo-load onto the produced specimen, photographing thermography images by an infrared thermography camera, analyzing the thermography images, and pre-testing for analyzing defects on the coating layer of the gas turbine blade.

• 대한조선학회논문집
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.32-42
• /
• 1995

프로펠러 뒷날과 같이 두께가 아주 얇아지는 경우, 또는 선미에서와 같이 물체 표면의 곡률이 급격하게 변하는 경우 등에서는 기존의 평균평면 패널로 물체의 표면을 대치하며 경계적분 문제를 다루면, leakage 문제를 야기하거나 유동장점이 패널에서 아주 가까이 있을 경우에는 유기속도 포텐셜이 부정확해 지는 등의 문제가 있다. 쌍곡면 패널은 그 위에 분포된 다이폴에 의해 유기되는 포텐셜을 근사화하지 않고 정확하게 계산할 수 있도록 한다. 본 연구는 방곡면에 분포된 균일 밀도의 다이폴에 의해 유기되는 포텐셜을 표현하는 적분식을 수치적으로 계산하기에 유용한 2가지 서로 다른 방법, 즉, Gauss-Bonnet 정리를 이용하여 증명하는 방법과 면적분을 선적분으로 치환하는 방법, 을 유도하고 그 정확성을 소개한다.