• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of crude anthocyanin compounds extracted from black soybean. The crude anthocyanin compounds were extracted with 80% methanol and concentrated to powder. The most abundant compound isolated from the extract was C3G(cyanidin-3-glucoside). The superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay was conducted to assess the antioxidative activity of the crude extract. SOD, which catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide anion into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen, is one of the most important antioxidative enzymes. The black soybean anthocyanin extracts inhibited more than 90% of the superoxide radical at a concentration of 0.1% and 100% at a concentration of 0.5%, indicating that this extract displayed excellent antioxidative activity. To assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract, a NO(Nitric oxide) production assay in RAW 264.7 cells was performed. NO is an important physiological messenger and effector molecule in many biological systems, including immunological, neuronal and cardiovascular tissues. In this assay, the anthocyanin extracts showed a high anti-inflammatory potential, where the inhibitory potency for NO production was similar to the positive control, particularly for EGCG(epigallocatechin-3-gallate), which is known to have excellent anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, it can be concluded that the anthocyanin extracts from black soybean have distinctive pharmaceutical activities and may be used as an excellent source materials to supplement the health benefits of various food products.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.117-129
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• 2019

In this study, black-glazed porcelain excavated from the Shinan shipwreck is analyzed to distinguish its characteristics. Glazes of Hong-Tang kiln are thin and exhibit little vitrification, whereas the Ci-Zhou-type and Cha-Yang kilns are similar in terms of their cross section. However, Raman mapping images reveal difference in the distribution area of magnetite. In this study, firing experiments are conducted to determine how iron oxides change properties in black glazes. The results show that when hematite is fired to a temperature greater than $1250^{\circ}C$, it becomes magnetite. Therefore, it is estimated that a firing temperature of approximately $1200^{\circ}C$ is suitable for the Hong-Tang kiln. In addition, glazes of the Ci-Zhou-type and Cha-Yang kilns are fired at approximately $1300^{\circ}C$. However, when the characteristics of firing in ancient kilns are considered, porcelain can be fired for a sufficiently long period to extend to glaze surfaces.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.119-132
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• 1989

Gamma irradiation as a new physical treatment was applied to comparative investigates with a conventional ethylene oxide fumigant on the microbiological and physicochemical qualities of selected spices and dry vegetables such as powdered red pepper, black pepper, welsh onion, onion, garlic, carrot, korean cabbage and instant ramyon soup. The microorganisms contaminated in the sample, including total viable count, thermophilic bacteria, aerobic spore and fungi counts between the $10^4\;to\;10^6/g$ range. Coliforms were found only in black pepper and welsh onion powder as the $10^2\;to\;10^3/g$ level. A radiation dose of 7 to 10 KGy were sterilized completely to the contaminated microorganisms, while ehthylene oxide (E.O.) fumigation reduced of them to the $10^3/g$ level. An optimum dose of irradiation was less detrimental than E.O. fumigation to the physicochemical properties of the sample. Sensory evaluation after three months of storage at room temperatures showed that the overall acceptability of irradiated sample was higher than that of the non treated control as well as E.O. fumigated samples. Comparison gamma irradiation with E.O. gas treatment showed that E.O. treatment was less effective than radiation in cotrolling microbial contamination of spices and vegetables.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.36-43
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• 2003

This study was carried out to evaluate the fungicidal, anti-sapstain and termiticidal efficacy of commercial Dan-Chung which are currently being used for painting to decorate and to provide durability with structures of temples. Two binders (Polysol and Gelatine), and eleven pigments (Iron Oxide Red, Lead Red, Toluidine Red, Chrome Yellow, Titanium Dioxide, Ultramarine Blue, Chrome Oxide Green, Permanent Black, Cyanine Green and Ho-bun(Chalk)) were applied for the evaluation. The fungicidal and anti-sapstain activity of each pigment were depended on the types of binders. When the Polysol was used as a binder, the fungicidal efficacy of Toluidine Red treated specimen was close to the standard value (above 80) with grater than 70 against to two wood decay fungi (T. palustris and T. versicolor). The anti-sapstain efficacy of Lead Red treated specimens was excellent against to three sapstain fungi (P. funiculosum, T. viride and R. nigricans), and that of Ultramarine Blue treated specimens was also excellent to T. viride. The other pigments had little efficacy to these micro-organisms. Although there were some different trends of the effectiveness depending on the types of binders, the anti-termite effectiveness of Chrome Oxide Green and Chrome Yellow was outstanding to termite tests.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.77-95
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• 2022

The Gonamsan gabbroic complex in the Pocheon area, northwestern region of South Korea consists of a variety types of gabbroic rocks and associated Fe-Ti oxide deposits caused by magmatic differentiation. Post-magmatic intrusions (i.e., gabbroic pegmatite and pyroxene-apatite-zircon rocks) partly intruded into the gabbroic rocks. The gabbroic pegmatite occurs in monzodiorite and oxide gabbro of the complex, intimately and spatially associated with high-grade lenticular Fe-Ti oxide mineralization. The pegmatite can be subdivided into plagioclase-amphibole and pyroxene-olivine pegmatite, in which the contact surface is sharp. The plagioclase-amphibole pegmatite comprises plagioclase and amphibole, with lesser amount of pyroxene, ilmenite, sphene, apatite, and biotite. The pegmatite shows plagioclase-amphibole intergranular texture, in which the open space formed by large plagioclase laths (An_2-26Ab_72-98Or_0-2) are infilled by amphibole. The pyroxene-olivine pegmatite is dark gray to black in color and also contains magnetite, ilmenite, spinel, apatite, and calcite as a minor component. The pyroxene (En_35-36Fs_8-9Wo₅₅) and olivine (Fo_84-85Fa_15-16) partly show a poikilitic texture defined by smaller euhedral olivine enclosed by coarser clinopyroxene. Fe-Ti oxide minerals consist mainly of magnetite and ilmenite that are found interstitially to earlier formed silicates. Subsequently, they are encompassed by reaction rim (almost of amphibole and biotite) along the boundary with surrounding silicate minerals. Under the microscope, magnetite contains a lot of oxyexsolved ilmenite (trellis type) and spinel, and thereby is weakly enriched in magnetite-compatible elements such as Ti, Al, Mg, and V. The structure and textures at the contact zone as well as mineralogical disequilibrium between gabbroic pegmatite and the host gabbroic rocks suggest that the pegmatite may form as a result of accumulation from Fe-rich melt (or liquid) that occurred somewhere rather than in situ form from the host gabbroic rock during the magmatic differentiation. Consequently, the preliminary study suggests that further study on the post-magmatic activities can not only help us improve our understanding on magmatic fractionation but also provide critical information on Fe-Ti oxide mineralization in gabbroic rocks resulting from the magmatic differentiation.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.135-142
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• 2016

This study was conducted to compare the general composition and immunomodulatory activity of breast and thigh meats from four lines of Korean native chickens: Yeonsan Ogye, Hyunin Black, Hwangbong, and Hoengseong Yakdak. White Leghorn was used as a control. Fifteen male chickens (three chickens in each line) were grown under the same conditions and slaughtered at 13 weeks old. The four lines of Korean native chickens, regardless of the part, had higher contents of crude fat (p<0.05) than White Leghorn. The cholesterol contents were significantly higher in Hyunin Black and significantly lower in Hoengseong Yakdak than those of other chickens (p<0.05). The immunomodulatory effect, assessed by macrophage cell proliferation and nitric oxide production, was only observed in the breast meat of the four lines of Korean native chickens. The phagocytic activity of macrophage cells was significantly augmented by the breast meat of Hyunin Black and Hoengseong Yakdak. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-10 and $IFN-{\gamma}$, was significantly suppressed by Korean native chickens compared with White Leghorn. These results suggested that the four lines of Korean native chickens exhibited greater immune-enhancing activity than White Leghorn.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.141-152
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• 2001

Eliminating the infecting bacteria of the root canal system and preventing reinfection must be the main objectives of all endodontic works. None of commercially available root canal sealers have the properties of desirable tissue compatibility and strong antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study is to develope an ideal root canal sealer using commercially available polyphosphate (polyP), Calgon, which is known to be antibacterial and safe. For the study. resin type AH26, zinc oxide eugenol type Tubli Seal. Ca(OH)$_2$ type Apexit as base sealers for polyP (0~3%) and para formaldehyde containing N2 as a control base were selected. Specimens (3$\times$4mm) of the sealers were prepared in a 37$^{\circ}C$ incubator for 3 and 10 days and their antibacterial activity against streptococci and black pigmented anaerobic rods was observed using an agar diffusion method. The result were as follows: 1. Among 3 day old root canal sealers. N2 as a positive control showed the strongest antibacterial effect. followed by AH26. Tubli Seal and. Apexit which barely showed antibacterial activity against the test bacteria. In contrast. 10 day old AH26 showed a greater antibacterial activity than 10 day old N2. 2. All sealer specimens showed a greater antibacterial activity against black pigmented anaerobic rods than streptococci. Three day old ones appeared to be more antibacterial than 10 day old ones except for Apexit. 3. As compared to N2, 3 day old AH26 demonstrated a similar antibacterial activity against black pig mented anaerobic rods but to a lesser extent to streptococci. Ten day old AH26 showed a greater antibacterial activity against black pigmented anaerobic rods than 10 day old N2. 4. As compared to AH26. Tubli Seal generally revealed a lower antibacterial activity but it showed a greater antibacterial activity aginst S. gordonii Challis. 5. Enhancement of antibacterial activity by polyP was more clearly observed when it was added to Ca(OH)$^{\circ}C$ based root canal sealers. Tubli Seal and N2. 6. The addition of polyP enhanced the antibacterial activity of 3 day old AH26 against S. gordonii G9B (16%) and Challis (29%), and P. gingivalis 2561 (24%) only. Moreover, polyP failed to increase antibacterial activity of 10 day old AH26 against the test strains but P. gingivalis A7A1 28(13%). 7. The addition of polyP increased the antibacterial effect of 3 day old Tubli Seal on several test bacteria including s. mutans GS 5 (50%). s. gordonii G9B (47%) and Challis (122%). and all the test strains of P. gingivalis (13~35%) except for 9 14K 1. The addition of polyP to 10 day old Tubli Seal increased antibacterial activity of the root canal sealer against most test strains. 8. 3 day old Apexit failed to show antibacterial activity. if any very little against S. mutans GS 5 and Pr. intermedia ATCC 49046. However. polyP increased its antibacterial activity by 50 and 69%, respectively. Increase of antibacterial activity of 10 day old Apexit by polyP was more clearly observed than that of 3 day old one.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.538-544
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant (ABTS, DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power), nitric oxide (NO)) production and anticancer activities against human cancer cells (HeLa HepG2, HT-29 and MCF-7) for methanol extracts of Glycine Semen Germinatum (Daedoowhangkeun in Korean) fermented with germinated black soybean and some bacteria. Antioxidant activities were increased by increasing the concentration of the extract at dose-dependent manner, Their activities of black soybean were higher than those of yellow soybean. Non fermented sample was slightly higher than Glycine Semen Germinatum fermented with Bacillus subtilis and lactic acid bacteria. In 1 mg/mL of the extract NO production levels were $0.374\;{\mu}M$ for yellow soybean, $0.368\;{\mu}M$ for black soybean, and $0.367\;{\mu}M$ and $0.358\;{\mu}M$ for Glycine Semen Germinatum fermented with B. subtilis and lactic acid bacteria, respectively. Methanol extract of Glycine Semen Germinatum fermented with mixture broth of lactic acid bacteria was shown to be the highest activity for anticancer activities against human cancer cells tested and their activities were exhibited in the order of HeLa > HT-29 > HepG2 > MCF-7 cell.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2003.05b
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• pp.421-422
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• 2003

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), methane (CH$_4$), nitrous oxide ($N_2$O), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF$_{6}$), together with water vapour ($H_2O$) and ozone play an important role in determining the earth's climate. The primary cause of the enhancement of GHGs is the global use of fossil fuels to generate heat, power, and electricity for a growing world population, as well as the changes in the land use, especially for agriculture. In addition, biomass buring and biofuel emissions play major roles in the GHG emissions in the Asian region because they produce large amounts of carbon monoxide (CO), nonmethane volatile organic compounds(NMVOC), black carbon(BC) and other gases. (omitted)d)

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.92-99
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• 2001

Silica-filled rubber compounds have slower cure characteristics than carbon black-filled ones due to the adsorption of curatives on the silica surface. Fatty acid was used as a cure activator along with zinc oxide in a sulfur cure system. Poly(ethylene glycol), PEG, was used in silica-filled rubber compounds to prevent adsorption of the curatives on the silica surface. In this study, influence of the size of fatty acid and PEG on properties of silica-filled NR compounds was investigated. It was found that the size of fatty acid and PEG affected the curt: characteristics and physical properties. The cure rate becomes faster as the PEG size increases. By increasing the size of fatty acid or PEG, the delta torque of the compound decreases while the Mooney viscosity increases. The modulus of the vulcanizate decreases with increasing the molecular weight of fatty acid or PEG. The experimental results were explained by the filler dispersion and by the prevention of the curative-adsorption on the silica surface.