• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.441-448
• /
• 2017

Bisphenol-A(BPA) is a member of alkylphenol family, and shows adverse effects including reduced fertility, reproductive tract abnormalities, metabolic disorder, cancer induction, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity. In the present study, we conducted Hershberger assay to evaluate whether the two candidates to replace BPA have androgenic or antiandrogenic activity. The assay was carried out using immature castrated Sprague-Dawley male rats. After 7 days of the surgery, testosterone propionate (TP, 0.4 mg/kg/day) and test materials (low dose, 40 mg/kg/day; high dose, 400 mg/kg/day) were administered for 10 consecutive days by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection and oral gavage, respectively. Test materials were BPA, isosorbide (ISO) and cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM). The rats were necropsied, and then the weights of five androgen-dependent tissues [ventral prostate, seminal vesicle, levator ani-bulbocavernosus (LABC) muscle, paired Cowper's glands, and glans penis] and three androgen-insensitive tissues (kidney, spleen and liver) were measured. All test materials including BPA did not exhibit any androgenic activity in the assay. On the contrary, antiandrogen-like activities were found in all test groups, and the order of the intensity was CHDM > BPA > ISO in the five androgen-sensitive tissues. There was no statistical difference between low dose treatment and high dose treatment of BPA group as well as ISO group. In CHDM group, high dose treatment exhibited most severe weight reduction in all measured tissues. There was no statistical difference in androgen-insensitive tissue measurements, except BPA groups. Since the effects of ISO treatment on the accessory sex organs were much less or not present at all when compared to those of BPA, ISO could be a strong candidate to replace BPA. CHDM treatment brought most severe weight reduction in all of androgen-sensitive tissues, so this material should be excluded for further screening of BPA substitute selection.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.142-151
• /
• 2007

Non-halogen flame retardant have been focus of extensive research because of environmental problem. Hexakisphenokycyclotriphosphazene was synthesized in order to use as the flame retardant of ABS resin. And using bisphenol A, bisphenol S, and resorcinol, the polymers which contained cyclophosphazene structure were synthesized in order to also use as the flame retardants of ABS resin. All of the synthesized polymers themselves got the excellent flame retardancy. And as the molecular weight of the compound were increased, the thermal stability was increased. But when the synthesized compounds were used as the flame retardants for ABS resin, the lower molecular weight compound in these compounds showed the better flame retardancy and the better physical properties of ABS resin. In case of using resorcinol, it showed the best flame retardancy.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한약학회 2000년도 NEW STRATEGY FOR DRUG DEVELOPMENT IN POST-GENOMIC ERA(대한약학회)
• /
• pp.276.2-276.2
• /
• 2000

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제31권6호
• /
• pp.457-466
• /
• 2005

Industrial plasticizers such as phthalates can induce peroxisome proliferation. A growing concern among environmental and health groups has arisen because phthalates such as di-2-ethy1hexy1 phthalate (DEHP) and DBP may cause hormonal disorders, reproductive toxicity, hepatocellular tumors, genital disorders owing to a capacity to bind estrogen receptors, and a low-dose toxic action during certain periods of fetal development. Phthalate esters are used extensively as a plasticizer for plastic manufacture such as PVC bags and medical devices. This study investigated the effects of leached components from spring water container's cap and seal film. Phthalates, e.g. dimethy1 phthalate (DMP), diethy1 phthalate (DEP), di-n-buty1 phthalate (DBP), benzy1buty1 phthalate (BBP), di-(2-ethy1hexy1) phthalate (DEHP), and bisphenol A (BPA) were measured in the spring water. The bisphenol A was not detected or below the detection limit on the leaching from cap, sealing or spring water. DEHP were detected 90-116 ppb on the leaching from seal after 2 weeks, and 0.48-0.51 ppb from the spring water after I week. BBP were measured from seal within 1 week 25.4-66 ppb and below 0.12 ppb from spring water within 2 days. DMP were detected from seal within 2 weeks 51-68.5 ppb and 0.12 ppb after 2 weeks. DEP were measured from seal within 2 weeks 48.1-141 ppb and the concentrations were increased by the time from 0.10 to 0.31 ppb at spring water. DBP were detected from the seal within 2 weeks 92.3-5100 ppb and the concentration were decreased by the time from 0.24 to 0.10 ppb at spring water. These results indicate that some phthalate esters contaminated with spring water using the intact cap and seal film. It is concluded that the measured levels of phthalates leaching from these materials might in vivo only be slightly less than 1/10 of the LOAEL.

• 환경생물
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.72-81
• /
• 2019

Bisphenol A (BPA)는 대표적인 내분비계장애물질로 수서생물의 성장, 발생, 그리고 생식에 유해한 영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 기수산 물벼룩(Diaphanosoma celebensis)에서 48시간 BPA 노출 후 산화적 스트레스 반응을 조사하기 위하여 qRT-PCR을 이용한 항산화 유전자 발현 변화, 항산화 효소 활성, 총 단백질 함량 분석을 수행하였다. $3mg\;L^{-1}$의 BPA에 48시간 노출된 D. celebensis에서 모든 항산화 유전자(Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, CAT)의 발현량이 유의하게 증가하였다. 특히 세 종류의 GST isoforms (GST-kappa, GST-mu, GST-theta)는 가장 낮은 농도인 $0.12mg\;L^{-1}$ BPA에 48시간 노출된 실험군에서도 유의하게 증가하였으며, GST-mu의 발현양이 상대적으로 가장 높게 나타났다. SOD 활성은 BPA 농도에 의존적으로 유의하게 증가하였으며, 총 단백질 함량은 BPA 노출에 대해 감소되는 양상을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 BPA가 D. celebensis에서 산화적 스트레스를 유발하였고, 이 과정에서 이들 항산화 유전자가 생물방어기전으로 참여한다는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구는 BPA가 해양생물에 미치는 영향에 대한 분자적 기전을 이해하는 데 도움이 될 것이다.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
• /
• pp.296.1-296.1
• /
• 2002

Bisphenol A(BPA). a monomer used in the manufacturing epoxy resins and polycarbonates. has been reported to induce estrogenic activity, it has been considered as an environmental endocrine disruptor. But the immunomodulatory effects of BPA exposure have not been systemically evaluated. We investigated whether BPA effects on the ability of immunoglobulin(lg) production of mice. To initiate investigation of BPA-induced alterations of the immune system. BPA at dose of 100. 500,1000 mg/kg b.w./day with or without OVA-antigen for 30 days were orally administered to female ICR mice. Mice were sacrificed and serum was colleted on day 2 following administration of BPA for 30days. Total lgG1. total lgG2a. total lgE. OVA-specific lgG1. OVA-specific lgG2a. and OVA-specific lgE in serum were detetmined and compared with those of non-treated mice. In the groups of BPA with OVA antigen, total 1gG1, total lgG2a, total lgE. OVA-specific lgG1 and OVA-specific lgG2a were significantly decreased at dose of 500mg/kg/day. However, in mice treated with BPA alone, total lgG1, and lgG2 were not much altered and total lgE was significantly increased at dose of 1000mg/kg/day. These results demonstrated the BPA modulates the production of immunoglobulin.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.127-134
• /
• 2023

Laccase activity is influenced by copper (Cu) as an inducer. In this study, laccase was immobilized on Cu and Cu-magnetic (Cu/Fe₂O₄) nanoparticles (NPs) to improve enzyme stability and potential applications. The Cu/Fe₂O₄ NPs functionally activated by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and glutaraldehyde exhibited an immobilization yield and relative activity (RA) of 93.1 and 140%, respectively. Under optimized conditions, Cu/Fe₂O₄ NPs showed high loading of laccase up to 285 mg/g of support and maximum RA of 140% at a pH 5.0 after 24 h of incubation (4℃). Immobilized laccase, as Cu/Fe₂O₄-laccase, had a higher optimum pH (4.0) and temperature (45℃) than those of a free enzyme. The pH and temperature profiles were significantly improved through immobilization. Cu/Fe₂O₄-laccase exhibited 25-fold higher thermal stability at 65℃ and retained residual activity of 91.8% after 10 cycles of reuse. The degradation of bisphenols was 3.9-fold higher with Cu/Fe₂O₄-laccase than that with the free enzyme. To the best of our knowledge, Rhus vernicifera laccase immobilization on Cu or Cu/Fe₂O₄ NPs has not yet been reported. This investigation revealed that laccase immobilization on Cu/Fe₂O₄ NPs is desirable for efficient enzyme loading and high relative activity, with remarkable bisphenol A degradation potential.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.154-160
• /
• 2017

본 연구는 하천수 중 bisphenol계 화합물 종 6 (BPA, BPB, BPC, BPE, BPF, BPS)을 동시분석하기 위하여 GC-MS를 이용하였다. 또한 최적의 전처리 방법을 확립하고자 SPE 및 LLE법을 이용하여 표준시료로부터 검량선의 직선성, MDL, LOQ, 정확도 및 정밀도를 비교하였다. SPE 및 LLE 전처리 방법에 의한 MDL은 각각 $0.0005{\sim}0.0234{\mu}g/L$와 $0.0037{\sim}0.2034{\mu}g/L$, LOQ는 각각 $0.0015{\sim}0.0744{\mu}g/L$와 $0.0117{\sim}0.6477{\mu}g/L$, 검량선의 결정계수($r^2$)는 모두 0.9969이상 정확도는 각각 93.2~108%와 97.4~120%, 정밀도는 각각 1.7~4.6%와 0.7~6.5%범위로 만족한 정도관리 결과를 얻었다. 하지만 SPE법에 의한 MDL 및 LOQ 값은 LLE법보다 약 4~45배 정도 높은 감도를 보였고, 특히 BPA의 경우는 다른 화합물들보다 45배 정도 높았다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 SPE법을 적용하여 하천수 시료를 분석하였고, 조사지점은 본류 7개, 지류 6개, 하수종말처리장 2개 지점을 선정하였다. Bisphenol계 화합물 중에서 BPB, BPC, BPE, BPF 및 BPS는 모두 불검출 되었으나, BPA 농도는 $0.0095{\sim}0.2583{\mu}g/L$ 범위로 본류 $0.0166{\sim}0.0810{\mu}g/L$, 지류 $0.0095{\sim}0.2583{\mu}g/L$, 하수종말처리장$0.0352{\sim}0.1217{\mu}g/L$으로 미량 수준이었다.

• 환경생물
• /
• 제22권
• /
• pp.71-77
• /
• 2004

광양만 및 주변 하천에 존재하는 페놀류 화합물과 sterol 화합물의 분포특성을 알아보기 위하여 alkylphenols (8종), chlorophenols (2종), bisphenol A (1종), coprostanols (2종) 및 cholesterol (1종) 등 화합물들을 분석대상물질로 선정하여 표층수와 표층퇴적물 시료를 분석하였다. 모든 분석대상물질 중에서 nonylphenol과 dihydrocholesterol 화합물이 가장 높은 검출빈도를 보였으며 일부 하천퇴적물 시료에서 t-octylphenol, bisphenol A, coprostanols이 검출되었다. 분석대상물질은 하천시료에서 비교적 높게 검출되었으며, 또한 광양만 내해에서 외해보다 높게 검출되었다. 표층해수와 표층해양퇴적 물에서의 nonylphenol농도는 각각 4.0∼74.0 ng $l^{-1}$ 및 3.1∼74.3 ng $g^{-1}$ dry wt.이었다. 해양표층퇴적물에 의한 nonylphenol 평균 농축배수(Log $K_{oc}$ )는 4.8이었다. 하천표층퇴적물에서의 nonylphenol농도는 4.6∼808.6 ng $g^{-1}$ dry wt.이었으며 dihydrocholesterol 농도는 78.4∼1133.6 ng $g^{-1}$ dry wt.이었다 공단지 역을 경유하는 하천시료에서는 상대적으로 높게 nonylphenol이 검출되었으며 주민 거주지역을 경유하는 하천퇴적물에서는 dihydrocholesterol 화합물이 상대적으로 높은 노출농도를 보이였다. 섬진강 표층수에서의 nonylphenol 농도는 염분도의 증가에 따라 낮아지는 경향을 보였다.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.280-285
• /
• 1975

Polyglyceryl phthalate, bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin 縮重合物 및 polyvinyl alcohol의 naphthoquinone-1,2-diazide-5-sulfonyl esters(PGND, BEND 및 PVAND)에 대해 未增感 및 增感한 경우의 IR 스펙트럼을 측정하여 그들의 光分解機構를 硏究하였다. o-quinonediazide에 기인하는 C=N= 및 C=0의 흡수가 露光에 의해 減少내지는 消失하고있었고 또한 indene carboxylic acid의 C=0 흡수강도가 증가되고 있는 것으로 보아 o-quinonediazide group 이 光에 依하여 分解하여 알카리 수용액에 가용성인 indene carboxylic acid로 분해되는 것으로 추정된다. 한편, 露光時間에 대한 增感 및 未增感試料의 吸收强度의 變化를 측정하므로서 增感劑의 增感效果도 아울러 검토하였다.