• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권15호
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• pp.6449-6453
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• 2014

Background: Prior studies showed a relationship between serum albumin and the albumin to globulin ratio with different types of cancer. We aimed to evaluate the predictive value of the albumin-globulin ratio (AGR) for survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 240 lung adenocarcinoma patients. Biochemical parameters before chemotherapy were collected and survival status was obtained from the hospital registry. The AGR was calculated using the equation AGR=albumin/(total protein-albumin) and ranked from lowest to highest, the total number of patients being divided into three equal tertiles according to the AGR values. Furthermore, AGR was divided into two groups (low and high tertiles) for ROC curve analysis. Cox model analysis was used to evaluate the prognostic value of AGR and AGR tertiles. Results: The mean survival time for each tertile was: for the $1^{st}$ 9.8 months (95%CI:7.765-11.848), $2^{nd}$ 15.4 months (95%CI:12.685-18.186), and $3^{rd}$ 19.9 months (95%CI:16.495-23.455) (p<0.001). Kaplan-Meier curves showed significantly higher survival rates with the third and high tertiles of AGR in comparison with the first and low tertiles, respectively. At multivariate analysis low levels of albumin and AGR, low tertile of AGR and high performance status remained an independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: Low AGR was a significant predictor of long-term mortality in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Serum albumin measurement and calculation of AGR are easily accessible and cheap to use for predicting mortality in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.5101-5106
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• 2016

Purpose: We aimed to establish an inflammatory prognostic index (IPI) in early and advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients based on hematologic and biochemical parameters and to analyze its predictive value for NSCLC survival. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 685 patients with early and advanced NSCLC diagnosed between 2009 and 2014 was conducted with collection of clinical, and laboratory data. The IPI was calculated as C-reactive protein ${\times}$ NLR (neutrophil/ lymphocyte ratio)/serum albumin. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the prognostic value of relevant factors. Results: The optimal cut-off value of IPI for overall survival (OS) stratification was determined to be 15. Totals of 334 (48.8%) and 351 (51.2%) patients were assigned to high and low IPI groups, respectively. Compared with low IPI, high IPI was associated with older age, greater tumor size, high lymph node involvement, distant metastases, advanced stage and poor performance status. Median OS was worse in the high IPI group (low vs high, 8.0 vs 34.0 months; HR, 3.5; p<0.001). Progression free survival values of the patients who had high vs low IPI were determined 6 months (95% CI:5.3-6.6) and 14 months (95% CI:12.1-15.8), respectively (HR; 2.4, P<0.001). On multivariate analysis, stage, performance status, lactate dehydrogenase and IPI were independent prognostic factors for OS. Subgroup analysis showed IPI was generally a significant prognostic factor in all clinical variables. Conclusion: The described IPI may be an inexpensive, easily accessible and independent prognostic index for NSCLC patients, useful for clinical practice.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to compare the relative risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) in middle aged adults with different body weights. 155 subjects living in urban Beijing were recruited from 24 neighborhood committees of urban Beijing. They were divided into normal weight, overweight and obese groups according to their BMIs. The general information of the subjects was collected using an interview-administered questionnaire. Standard procedure was followed to measure subject's weight, height and waist. Biochemical parameters (total cholesterol (TC), low- and high­density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C ; HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and fasting glucose) and blood pressure were also determined. The results indicated that the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HDL-C of obese group was lower than that of the normal weight group. Fasting glucose of obese males was significantly higher than that of normal weight males. No significant difference of fasting glucose was found among female groups. No significant difference of TG was found among male groups, while TG of overweight and obese females was both significantly higher than normal weight females. There was no significant difference of TC and LDL-C among normal weight, overweight and obese groups in both males and females. The MS rate of obese males was significantly higher than the normal weight and overweight males, as was the female. The relative risk of MS in obese group was about 11 times higher (OR=11.249, $95\%CI$ = 3.812 - 33.191) than the normal weight group after adjusting for age, gender, smoking, drinking, family economic level and education status. It is concluded that obesity contributed to lower HDL-C, hypertriglyceride, hypertension and MS after controlling the effects of age, gender, socioeconomic status, alcohol drinking and smoking. Obese individuals have a higher risk of having MS than their normal weight counterparts.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.441-455
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to describe beverage patterns among healthy Korean adults and investigate their association with prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome. Methods: Subjects consisted of 6,927 Korean adults, aged 19-64 years in the $6^{th}$ Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2013-2015). Beverages were regrouped into twelve groups based on food codes and beverage intake (g/day) was assessed by 24-hour recall. Factor analysis was used to obtain beverage patterns. Waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) were used as anthropometric data; fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and blood pressure were used as biochemical indicators. The odds ratio (OR) for prevalence of metabolic syndrome and components of metabolic syndrome was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results: Three beverage patterns were identified using factor analysis: 1) carbonated soft drinks 2) coffee (without added sugar or powdered creamer), and 3) alcoholic beverages. Subjects with high scores for the carbonated soft drink and coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer patterns were younger and subjects with high scores for the alcoholic beverage pattern were older. There were significant differences in gender distribution in all three beverage patterns, with men more likely to have high scores for carbonated soft drink and alcoholic beverage patterns. On the other hand, women were more likely to have higher scores for coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern. Within each pattern, there were significant differences in sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics such as education, household income, frequency of eating out, and smoking status according to the quartile of pattern scores. Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns were associated with an increased levels of metabolic syndrome components, but coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer was not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults after adjusting for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eating out, and energy intake. Conclusions: Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns are associated with increased levels of metabolic syndrome components while coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern is not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.549-564
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between harmful free radicals and antioxidants. Long-term oxidative stress can lead to an "exhausted" status of antioxidant defense system triggering development of metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammation. Green perilla (Perilla frutescens) is commonly used in Asian cuisines and traditional medicine in southeast Asia. Green perilla possesses numerous beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions. To investigate the potentials of green perilla leaf extract (PE) on oxidative stress, we induced oxidative stress by high-fat diet (HFD) in aging mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6J male mice were fed HFD continuously for 53 weeks. Then, mice were divided into three groups for 12 weeks: a normal diet fed reference group (NDcon), high-fat diet fed group (HDcon), and high-fat diet PE treated group (HDPE, 400 mg/kg of body weight). Biochemical analyses of serum and liver tissues were performed to assess metabolic and inflammatory damage and oxidative status. Hepatic gene expression of oxidative stress and inflammation related enzymes were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: PE improved hepatopathology. PE also improved the lipid profiles and antioxidant enzymes, including hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in serum and liver. Hepatic gene expressions of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory related enzymes, such as SOD-1, CAT, interleukin 4 (IL-4) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) were significantly enhanced by PE. PE also reduced the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum and liver; moreover, PE suppressed hepatic gene expression involved in pro-inflammatory response; Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). CONCLUSIONS: This research opens opportunities for further investigations of PE as a functional food and possible anti-aging agent due to its attenuative effects against oxidative stress, resulting from HFD and aging in the future.

• 인삼문화
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• 제6권
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• pp.13-34
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• 2024

The abolishment of the red ginseng monopoly act by the Korean government in 1996 resulted in a drastic change in the Korean ginseng industry, leading to a significant increase in the market size and consumption of ginseng products. Red ginseng is most popular type, with approximately 74% of harvested fresh ginseng being processed into various red ginseng products. Since 1997, there has been a substantial increase in the cultivation of ginseng for production of red ginseng, which, in turn, has contributed to the proliferation of ginseng processing companies. To investigate the products of ginseng manufacturing businesses, we select 200 companies primarily engaged in ginseng processing or specializing solely in ginseng. Our survey on the status of ginseng industry covered 8 different categories. 1) Root ginseng: There were 66 companies involved in manufacturing red ginseng root, accounting for 33.0% of all surveyed companies. This was followed by black ginseng root with 36 companies (18.0%) and red ginseng fine roots with 22 companies (11%). 2) Red ginseng products: A total of 144 companies were involved in manufacturing red ginseng pouches, making it the most common product category. This was closely followed by 142 companies producing pure(100%) red ginseng extract concentrate. 3) Fermented red ginseng products: Companies producing fermented red ginseng extract concentrate products were the most numerous, totaling 26. Following this, companies producing fermented red ginseng stick and pouch products were next in line. 4) Ginseng products: There were 15 companies involved in the production of ginseng products, with the majority focusing on ginseng tea. 5) Black ginseng products: Companies producing black ginseng extract concentrate were the most numerous, with 31 companies, followed by 26 companies producing black ginseng extract pouches. 6) Taegeuk ginseng products: Only 5 companies were involved in the production of taegeuk ginseng products. 7) Fermented black ginseng, and 8) Ginseng berry products: These categories are manufactured by less than 5 companies each. However, the variety in ginseng berry products suggests the potential for future growth. In the 2000s, a trend emerged with the development of new processed products aimed at enhancing the functional components of red ginseng, and these products have captured the attention of consumers. However, this study primarily focuses on black ginseng, fermented red ginseng/fermented black ginseng, and ginseng berry products as they have exerted a significant influence on the overall ginseng industry.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2002

Osteoporosis, the typical metabolic bone disease of the elderly, is characterized by a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. Genetic and environmental factors are known to play a key role in bone metabolism, and diet is also considered to be one of the important factors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship among the factors affecting BMD, including stature, body weight, age, time period since onset of menopause, and biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Seventy-eight postmenopausal women who visited health promotion center for health examinations volunteered to participate in this study and they were divided into two groups according to the time period since onset of menopause : women with a time period since onset of menopause of less than 5 years (Group 1) and women with a time period since onset of menopause of 5 years or more (Group 2). The demographic characteristics and dietary intake were surveyed using a questionnaire. BMDs of the lumbar spine and femoral neck of subjects were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH), known to be indicators of bone related hormone status, were anlyzed. Serum samples were measured for calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin as bone formation indicators, and urine was analysed for deoxypyridinoline, creatinine, calcium, and sodium as bone resorption indicators. The results are as follow : The mean BMDs of the lumbar spin and femoral neck were $1.02 \pm 0.02 g/cm^2 and 0.81 \pm 0.02 g/cm^2 respectively, and the BMD level of Group 2 was significantly lower than tat of Group 1 (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). The mean daily intake of energy was 1838 $\pm$ 55 kcal. When nutrient intake was compared with the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) of the subjects, only calcium, vitamin A and riboflavin intake showed means lower than the RDA. The nutrient intake did not show any significant differences between Group 1 and 2 Serum and urine levels of biochemical markers of bone turnover did not show any significant differences between Group 1 and 2, and all were within the normal range. However, the PTH and deoxypyridinoline levels showed a tendency to be higher, and the osteocalcin level to be lower in Group 2 than in Group 1. Although age and years after menopause (YAM) showed negative correlations with lumbar spine bone mineral density (LBMD) (r= -0.38, p<0.001, and r= -0.26, p< 0.05, respectively), no correlation was found with femoral neck bone mineral density (NBMD). While height, body weight and body mass index (BMI) showed a positive correlation with LBMD (r= 0.32, p<0.001, r= 0.38, p<0.001, r= 0.22, p= 0.05, respectively), only body weight and BMI showed a positive correlation with NBMD (r= 0.30, p<0.01, and r= 0.27, p<0.05, respectivley). There was no significant corealtion between BMDs and the nutrient intake of subjects, except in the case of carbohydrates (r= 0.22, p<0.05). Also, serum and urine levels of bone turnover markers showed no significant correlation with nutrient intake. On the other hand, serum osteocalcin had a positive correlation with vitamin C intake (r= 0.22, p= 0.05), and urine deoxypyridinolin showed a negative correlation with niacin intake (r= -0.22, p= 0.05). Urinary na was negatively correlated with protein intake(r= -0.23, p= 0.05). The results suggested that it is difficult to prevent the decrease in bone mass among postmenopausal women eating the usual Korean diet. However, the BMDs of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were positively related to body weight ad BMI in postmenopausal women. Therefore, this study confirmed that one of the most effective ways to minimize bone loss in postmenopausal women would be to maintain an adequate body weight with balanced nutrient intake and activity in the pre-and postmenopausal periods.

• 환경생물
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.351-368
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• 2004

기아시와 포식시 버들치, Rhynchocypris oxycephalus(Sauvage and Dabry)에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 조직학적 및 생화학적 변화, 체절단면 계측형질 변화 그리고 계측형질 변화에 대하여 조사하였다. 기아에 따른 버들치의 생화학적, 조직학적 변화를 파악하기 위해, 간의 간중량지수, 단백질함량, RNA량 및 DNA량 조사와 더불어 간세포 및 중장 상피세포의 조직학적 조사를 실시한 결과, 기아군은 포식군에 비해 간의 단백질함량, RNA량 및 DNA량에서 높은 값을 보였지만, 먹이 공급 중단은 버들치의 간중량지수, 간세포 핵 크기 및 중장 상피세포 핵 높이에 있어서 감소를 나타내었다. 본 실험에서 조사된 RNA-DNA비는 버들치의 영양상태 파악 지수로 유용하였으며 또한, 버들치 표본 시기에서의 높은 성장 단계인지 혹은 낮은 성장 단계인지의 성장 활성 파악을 가능케 하였다. 본 연구 결과의 자료를 구체적으로 해석 하였으며, 아울러 다수의 생물학적 중요 연관 사항들을 고찰하였다. 버들치 기아시의 영양상태 평가를 위하여 비만도, 내장괴지수, Dressing 비를 비롯한 체횡단 절단면에서의 형태적변화를 조사하였다. 9주간의 기아시 비만도, 내장괴지수 및 대부분의 체횡단 절단면 계측형질들에서의 감소를 보였다(P<0.05). 본 연구 결과, 실험에 적용된 영양성 Parameter는 본 종의 영양상태 파악에 유용한 지표임을 시사한다. 연구 결과를 자세히 해석하여, 버들치에서의 주요 체 절단 형질의 산업성을 논의하였다. 버들치에서의 75일간 기아가 Classical dimension과 Truss dimension에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. Truss dimension인 경우 포식시와 기아시 복강을 비롯한 머리 부위와 몸통부위가 유의하게 증가하였다(P< 0.05). Truss dimension의 꼬리부위 특히, 몸통의 뒷부분이 포식과 기아시 일반적으로 감소하였다. Classical dimension인 경우 포식시 꼬리부위가 감소한 반면, 기아시 몸통부위와 꼬리부위에서의 체고 관련 형질에 연관시 머리부위에서의 형질들이 유의하게 감소하였다. 본 연구 결과 Truss dimension은 Classical dimension을 보완하여 어체의 수직방향 연관 형질 파악도 가능케 하였다. Truss dimension과 Classical dimension인 경우 포식시와 기아시 머리 아랫부위는 거의 영향이 없어, 본 형질은 버들치속 어류의 분류학적측면에서 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다. 버들치에서 체고와 연관된 몸통부위 형질들은 상이한 서식지에 기인된, 다양한 먹이공급 차이의 파악에 유용하리라 사료된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.93-103
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• 1997

연구배경 : 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환 환자에서 영양결핍이 흔히 나타나며, 그 원인기전은 섭취의 부족보다는 호흡근의 열량요구량의 증가에 따른 과신진대사로 인하여 상대적인 결핍이 초래되기 때문으로 알려져 있다. 또한 만성 패쇄성 폐질환에서 영양결핍은 폐기능, 근력 및 운동수행능 등의 생리적 척도와도 유의한 상관관계를 보이며, 나아가서는 예후에도 영향을 미치는 독립적인 인자로 보고된 바 있다. 방법 : 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환 환자와 유사연령의 건강한 대조군에서 영양섭취량을 조사하였고, 신체계측과 혈액검사 등의 영양상태의 지표를 평가하였으며, 영양상태의 평가지표들과 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환의 중요한 폐기능지표인 1초간 노력성 호기량과의 상관성을 조사하였다. 결과 : 1) 대상 환자는 남자 25예였으며, 평균연령은 66.1세였고, 1초간 노력성 호기량의 예측치에 대한 비율은 $42{\pm}14%$였다. 대조군은 폐기능이 정상인 건강한 남자 26예였고, 평균연령은 65.0세였다. 2) 1일 열량섭취량/열량요구량 비율은 환자군에서 $107{\pm}28%$, 대조군에서 $94{\pm}14%$로 환자군에서 높은 경향을 보였다(p=0.06). 3) 환자군과 대조군의 비만도가 92.8% 및 101.6%로(p=0.024), 신체비만지수가 $20.0kg/m^2$ 및 $21.9kg/m^2$ 로(p=0.015), 악력이 29.0kg 및 34.3kg으로(p=0.003), 환자군에서 유의하게 낮았으나, 상완삼두근부위 피부두겹두께, 상완위 근육둘레, 알부민 및 총림프구수는 두 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 환자군에서 저체중군의 비율은 40%(10/25)였고, 대조군에서는 15%(4/26)였다. 4) 비만도, 신체비만지수, 상완삼두근부위 피부두겹두께, 상완위 근육둘레 등은 1초간 노력성 호기량과 유의한 상관성이 있었다. 결론 : 이상의 결과에서 만성 패쇄성 폐질환 환자는 저체중과 말초근력의 저하 등 영양결핍의 소견을 보이나, 그 원인이 섭취량은 부족에 기인하지 않음을 알 수 있었으며, 영양상태 평가의 지표들이 1초간 노력성 호기량과 유의하게 상관됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.164-170
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 흡연율이 높은 성인 남자에 있어 흡연상태에 따라 비흡연군(47명), 흡연군(58명), 흡연경험군(44명)으로 나눠 영양섭취와 혈압, 혈액 성상 및 지질패턴을 비교분석하였다. 전체대상자의 평균 연령, 신장, 체중, 체질량지수 각각 54.7세, 165.8 cm, 67.3 kg, $24.5\;kg/m^2$이었으며, 흡연 상태에 따른 세 군간 유의한 차이가 없었다. 1일 평균 에너지와 단백질 섭취량은 각각 1740.9 kcal와 59.69 g이었으며, 흡연군간 유의한 차이가 없었다. 엽산 섭취량은 비흡연군 $324.2{\mu}g$, 흡연군 $235.1{\mu}g$, 흡연경험군 $272.7{\mu}g$으로 흡연군이 유의하게 낮았으나, 콜레스테롤 섭취량은 비흡연군 175.6mg, 흡연군 232.5 mg, 흡연경험군 154.3 mg으로 흡연군이 유의하게 높았다. 1일 총 식품 섭취량은 비흡연군 1250.0 g, 흡연군 1180.1 g, 흡연경험군 1237.5 g으로 세 군간 유의한 차이가 없었다. 버섯류의 섭취량은 비흡연군 1.5g, 흡연군 0.4g, 흡연경험군 4.8 g으로 흡연군이 유의하게 낮은 반면, 난류의 섭취량은 세 군 각각 8.3 g, 17.8 g, 4.4 g으로 흡연군이 유의하게 높았다. 전체대상자의 적혈구수와 혈청 GOT, GPT는 각각 $4598.2\times1000/mm^2$, 27.3 U/L, 27.3 U/L이었으며 비흡연군, 흡연군, 흡연경험군간 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 백혈구수, 헤마토크릿, 헤모글로빈 농도는 흡연군이 각각 $6727.7/mm^3,\;45.9\%$, 14.7g/dL로 비흡연군($4921.5/mm^3,\;43.4\%$, 13.9 g/dL)이나 흡연경험군($5845.4/mm^3,\;44.2\%$, 13.9 g/dL)보다 유의하게 높았다. 전체대상자의 평균 혈압은 128.3/75.5 mmHg이었으며, 혈청 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, HDL-콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, 동맥경화지수는 각각 180.2 mg/dL, 160.8 mg/dL, 41.5 mg/dL, 106.5 mg/dL, 3.5로 흡연상태에 따른 세 군간 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 흡연군의 중성지질 농도는 비흡연군보다 유의하게 높았다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합할 때 흡연자는 비흡연자보다 엽산 섭취가 낮고 콜레스테롤 섭취가 높았으며, 백혈구수, 헤마토크릿과 헤모글로빈, 중성지질 함량이 높게 나타나 흡연이 일부 영양소의 섭취와 혈액성상에 변화를 초래하는 것으로 보여진다. 또한 흡연경험자는 비흡연자와 영양소 섭취와 혈액성상에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않아 흡연으로 인한 일부 영양소 섭취와 혈액성상의 변화는 금연으로 인해 비흡연 상태로 회복되는 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 흡연자를 대상으로 한 금연 교육이 우선적으로 요구되며, 흡연으로 인한 영양섭취의 변화가 인체에 미치는 영향을 설명 할 수 있는 직접적이고 세부적인 연구를 통해 흡연자의 영양 문제점과 그에 따른 식사관리 방안이 마련되어야 할 것이다.