• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.390-396
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• 2018

This study investigated the transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a free-water surface flow constructed wetland. Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) coupled with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (prep-HPLC) was used to analyze the compositions of biopolymers (polysaccharides, amino sugars, proteins, polyhydroxy aromatics, lipids and lignin) in DOM according to the molecular size at three sampling points of the water flow: inflow, midflow, and outflow. The prep-HPLC results verified the decomposition of DOM through the decrease in the number of peaks from three to one in the chromatograms of the sampling points. The Py-GC/MS results for the degradable peaks indicated that biopolymers relating to polysaccharides and proteins gradually biodegraded with the water flow. On the other hand, the recalcitrant organic fraction (the remaining peak) in the outflow showed a relatively high concentration of aromatic compounds. Therefore, the ecological processes in the constructed wetland caused DOM to become more aromatic and homogeneous. This indicated that the constructed wetland can be an effective buffer area for releasing biochemically stable DOM, which has less influence on biological water quality indicators, e.g., biochemical oxygen demand, into an aquatic ecosystem.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.393-397
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• 2020

Mycelium composites and leathers have versatile material properties based on their composition and manufacturing process. To prepare mycelium mat for the production of mushroom leather, several strains were mutated by gamma rays. Some mutant strains, including Lentinula edodes, Ganoderma lucidium, and Schizophyllum commune showed good hyphae growth rate and density on saw-dust media. Irradiation power (Gy), time, and height from the radiation source to the sample were examined. Based on the preliminary data obtained in this study, comprehensive research should be conducted to explore the optimal strains and culture conditions for mycelium-based leather production.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.745-752
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• 2023

Gut symbionts play crucial roles in host development by producing nutrients and defending against pathogens. Phloem-feeding insects in particular lack essential nutrients in their diets, and thus, gut symbionts are required for their development. Gram-negative Pantoea spp. are known to be symbiotic to the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). However, their bacterial characteristics have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we isolated three different bacteria (BFoK1, BFiK1, and BTtK1) from F. occidentalis, F. intonsa, and T. tabaci. The bacterial isolates of all three species contained Pantoea spp. Their 16S rRNA sequences indicated that BFoK1 and BTtK1 were similar to P. agglomerans, while BFiK1 was similar to P. dispersa. These predictions were supported by the biochemical characteristics assessed by fatty acid composition and organic carbon utilization. In the bacterial morphological analysis, BFoK1 and BTtK1 were distinct from BFiK1. All these bacteria were relatively resistant to tetracycline compared to ampicillin and kanamycin, in which BFoK1 and BTtK1 were different from BFiK1. Feeding ampicillin (100,000 ppm) reduced the bacterial density in thrips and retarded the development of F. occidentalis. The addition of BFoK1 bacteria, however, rescued the retarded development. These findings indicate that Pantoea bacteria are symbionts to different species of thrips.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.278-284
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• 2008

Artificially-produced juvenile black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli (total length $8.3{\pm}1.0\;cm$, body weight $11.2{\pm}4.2\;g$) were released in eelgrass, Zostera marina bed and their initial food organism and changes of body compositions were investigated for one month after release. Predation rates in fish sampled on 1st and 3rd days were 79%, increased up to 100% on 7th and 10th days, and then decreased on 30th days as 75%. Major prey organisms was composed of mainly Amphipoda and Gastropoda. Ratio of Amphipoda and Gastropoda in stomach were highest in fish sampled on 15th and 1st days after release, respectively. Crustacea and Algae were maintained about 20% during a sampling period. Visceral weight index (VWI) offish sampled 20th and 30th after release were significantly higher than that of initial. Carcass crude protein and lipid contents of released fish were showed significantly decreasing; however carcass n-3 HUFA composition was showed increasing tendency with the passage of time after release. Eelgrass bed was supposed to be helpful for the released fish to adjust their feeding habits and biochemical metabolism to the natural environment within a short period after release.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the effects of very low calorie diet (VLCD) using meal replacements that contain the wild grass extracts that are consisted of mainly Samul-tang ingredients on weight reduction and health promotion in the obese women (BMI$\geq$25 kg/$m^2$) for four weeks. Fifty six premenopausal women participated in this experiment. Each subject was either classified as part of the control group (C group, n=28) that consumed 3 regular meals a day or the meal replacement group (MR group, n=28) that consumed 1 regular meal and 2 meal replacements within 600 kcal/day. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, health related factors, and psychological factors were assessed before (the initial) and after (the 4$^{th}$ week) the study. Obesity was significantly decreased after the diet intervention. Anthropometric measurements such as weight, waist and hip circumference, and BMI and body composition such as body fat, and fat mass were significantly decreased in all groups after the diet intervention. Anthropometric measurements and body composition of the MR group were significantly decreased more than those of the C group. Serum total cholesterol was significantly decreased in the MR groups but not in the C group and serum triglyceride concentration was significantly decreased in all groups after the diet intervention. All the biochemical measurements were within normal ranges after the diet intervention. Psychological factors such as stress and depression were significantly decreased in two groups after the diet intervention. Therefore, VLCD using meal replacements is very effective for weight reduction in the obese premenopausal women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.739-749
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the effects of very low calorie diet (VLCD) using newly meal replacements that contain the wild grass extracts based on Samul-tang ingredients on weight reduction and health in the obese adult women ($BMI{\geq}25\;kg/^2$) for four weeks. Seventy five women participated in this experiment. Subjects were randomly classified three groups: 1) General Diet group (GD group, n=25) consumed 3 regular meals within 600 kcal/day, 2) Meal replacements group (MR group, n=25) consumed 1 regular meal and 2 meal replacements within 600 kcal/day, 3) Herbal Meal replacements group (HMR group, n=25) consumed 1 regular meal and 2 meal replacements within 600 kcal/day. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, biochemical measurements and body symptoms were assessed before (the initial) and after (the 4th week) the study. Anthropometry measurements such as weight, waist and hip circumference, and BMI and body composition such as body fat percent, fat mass significantly decreased in all groups after diet intervention. Anthropometric measurements and body composition of the ]lim group significantly decreased more than those of GD and MR groups. Serum Total cholesterol was significantly decreased in all groups. However, there was no significant difference among three groups during the experimental period. HMR group had significantly less felt a pain than GD and MR groups in body symptoms such as anemia, powerlessness, vomiting, constipation and dryness of skin during the experimental period. Therefore, very low calorie diet (VLCD) using meal replacements that contain the wild grass extracts based on Samul-tang ingredients was very effective on weight reduction and health in the obese adult women.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.90-95
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• 2007

Artificially-produced juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli (total length $10.4{\pm}1.1\;cm$, body weight $18.7{\pm}3.4\;g$) were released into the Gamak Bay in Korea. And their initial feeding habits and body compositions were compared with those of cultured fish (CUL) for a period of one month after release. The released black sea bream commenced feeding on the 1st day after release, and predation rate was more than 80% during the sampling period. The stomach content of fish was composed of mainly fishing bait and krill in fish sampled on 15th days after release; however, its content changed to the natural organisms such as algae and small crustaceans when the fish was sampled on 20th days after release. Crude lipid content of carcass of fish in the sampling station A (SA) were lower than that of fish in the initial, sampling station B (SB) and CUL for the 5th and 10th days after release. Carcass n-3 HUFA composition, total amino acid and essential amino acid contents of released fish showed high trend compared to that of cultured fish in 30th days after release. The released fish have the ability to adjust their feeding habits and biochemical metabolism to the natural environment within a short period even though they showed preference to artificial feed in the early days after release.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.527-536
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• 2005

The effects of dietary Gleditschia on fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation, and pork quality were investigated. Pigs (n=40) were fed a diet containing 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 1% Gleditschia for 14 weeks and slaughtered at 110 kg average. The longissimus throracis et lumborum muscle was collected at 24 hr postmortem. Pork loin chops (3 cm thick) were packaged aerobically and stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. Samples were analyzed for fatty acid composition, ultimate pH, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS), color ($L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$), drip loss and water-holding capacity. There was no significant difference of moisture and crude fat percent in between treatment and control group, and the color stability of pork loin better in all treat groups was more improved during cold storage. The change of pH was significantly increased (p<0.05) in 0.2, 0.4, 1% treatment groups compare to the control group. Water-holding capacity of pig loins was significantly higher (p<0.05) in all treat groups than in control group; 0.2% treat group was the highest in the water holding capacity followed by 0.4, 1, and 0.1% treat groups. Less drip loss of pig loin was observed with samples from Gleditschia-fed pigs except 1% treat group. Unsaturated fatty acid were tend to be decreased and saturated fatty acid were tend to be increased in Gleditschia-treated group. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance value of control was significantly higher than that of the Gleditschia-fed group (p<0.05).

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.310-320
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• 2003

To study the nutritional and health status of the elderly in Songnam, the anthropometic measurments, fat composition of body(FAT), blood pressure(BP) and blood test for analyzing biochemical indies of the elderly in seongnam were carried out in 338 free-living elderly (161 men, 177 women) aged from 58 to 92. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were assessed, and body fat was analyzed by BI(Bioelectrical Impedence) method. Biochemical measurements including blood glucose(BG), GPT, serum total cholesterol(TC) and albumin(AL) were analyzed. Average heights of the subjects were lower than the standards established in the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances, and average weights were similar to the standards. FAT were significantly higher in women(36.4%) than men(27.7%), and both groups showed higher values than the reference. Mean systolic BP levels of men and women were 153.3mmHg and 153.7mmHg, and diastolic BP levels were 87.5mmHg and 86.0mmHg, respectively, and there were no significant differences between the sex. Mean BG levels of men and women were 115.9mg/㎗ and 123.7mg/㎗, respectively, and there were no significant differences between the sex and among the age groups. Mean GPT levels of men and women were 19.4unit and 18.1unit, respectively, and women older than 75 years showed significanly low levels of GPT compared to other women's age groups. Mean TC levels of men and women were 186.0mg/㎗ and 206.6mg/㎗, respectively, and significantly higher TC levels were shown in women than men. Mean AL levels of men and women were 4.8g/㎗ and 4.8g/㎗, respectively, and men aged 50 ∼ 64 years showed significant high AL levels compared to other age groups of men. It was suggested that nutrition education program was a good way to improve health status of the elderly.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.285-293
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• 2000

The present study has been carried out to investigate the effect of fluoride toxicity on the morphology as well as inorganic chemical constituents of rat teeth. Rats were administered sodium fluoride at dose of 0 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm at the beginning of pregnancy. Animals were perfused intravascularly with glutaraldehyde and the incisors were removed. Changes in the protein composition of the secretory and maturation enamel were investigated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). And the enamel surface of incisors was examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Changes of protein quantities were found significantly in high levels fluoride administration for experimental groups compared with control. The SDS PAGE analysis demonstrated as follows In control group, secretory phase enamel protein, amelogenins, was detected more quantities than experimental group. The enamelin, presence in maturation phase enamel , showed more quantifies than control enamel with an increasing fluoride concentration in the drinking water. Also, the scanning electron micrographic data showed hypoplastic, tough, uneven, pitted and cracked enamel surfaces covered with granular deposits as a result of excessive intake of fluoride. From these results we conclude that high dose of fluoride administration leads to severe structural alterations on the enamel surface and these structural changes could be through defective mineralization.