• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.341-351
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• 1999

Biochemical markers of bone turnover has received increasing attention over the past few years, because of the need for sensitive and specific tool in the clinical investigation of osteoporosis. Bone markers should be unique to bone, reflect changes of bone loss, and should be correlated with radiocalcium kinetics, histomorphometry, or changes in bone mass. The markers also should be useful in monitoring treatment efficacy. Although no bone marker has been established to meet all these criteria, currently osteocalcin and pyridinium crosslinks are the most efficient markers to assess the level of bone turnover in the menopausal and senile osteoporosis. Recently, N-terminal telopeptide (NTX), C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) and bone specific alkaline phosphatase are considered as new valid markers of bone turnover. Recent data suggest that CTX and free deoxypyridinoline could predict the subsequent risk of hiP fracture of elderly women. Treatment of postmenopausal women with estrogen, calcitonin and bisphosphonates demonstrated rapid decrease of the levels of bone markers that correlated with the long-term increase of bone mass. Factors such as circadian rhythms, diet, age, sex, bone mass and renal function affect the results of biochemical markers and should be appropriately adjusted whenever possible. Each biochemical markers of bone turnover may have its own specific advantages and limitations. Recent advances in research will provide more sensitive and specific assays.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.3943-3952
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• 2009

This study investigated the changes in bone mineral density(BMD) and biochemical bone turnover markers over 1 year in healthy young college women. In comparison of changes in BMD at the lumbar spine, proximal femur (trochanter, femoral neck, Ward's triangle), and whole body over 1 year, there was only a significant difference in that at forearm. However, serum osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, and urinary deoxypyridinoline, a marker of bone reabsorption, were significantly changed over 1 year. These findings indicate that although BMD does not significantly change in early young adult, the changes of bone metabolism markers seem to mean active bone turnover in early young adult women.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2003

Currently bone biochemical markers are considered to be the best indicators of present and the future state of bone turnover. A recent study has reported that chlorella increases the bone mineral density (BMD) on postmenopausal women, but presently there are no studies on bone biochemical markers treated with chlorella dietary supplementation. The purpose of the present study was to assess the bone biochemical markers for the short term and long term treatment groups, and non-treatment group as a control. Twenty two postmenopausal woman were treated for four months and eighteen for one year with 4 gm of chlorella dietary supplementation per day, and then assessed bone biochemical markers from serum and urine samples. Bone turnover rates calculated with Osteocalcin (OC), bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) as a bone formation markers and deoxypyridinoline (DP), cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen (NTx) as a bone resorption markers, showed 1131$\pm$87% for control group, 61$\pm$11% for short term treated group and 190$\pm$101% for long term treated group. We conclude that chlorella dietary supplementation enhances the bone formation, and NTx as a single markers, OC/Dp as a single markers of bone turnover rate were very useful tools for determine the effectiveness of chlorella dietary supplementation (or the postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.323-327
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• 2012

Objective : The purpose of this study was to verify the appropriateness of ovariectomized rats as the osteoporosis animal model. Methods : Twelve female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a sham operation (the sham group) or bilateral ovariectomy [the ovariectomy (OVX) group]. Eight weeks after operations, serum biochemical markers of bone turnover were analyzed; osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase, which are sensitive biochemical markers of bone formation, and C-terminal telopeptide fragment of type I collagen C-terminus (CTX), which is a sensitive biochemical marker of bone resorption. Bone histomorphometric parameters and microarchitectural properties of 4th lumbar vertebrae were determined by micro-computed tomographic (CT) scan. Results : The OVX group showed on average 75.4% higher osteocalcin and 72.5% higher CTX levels than the sham group, indicating increased bone turnover. Micro-CT analysis showed significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) (p=0.005) and cortical BMD (p=0.021) in the OVX group. Furthermore, the OVX group was found to have a significantly lower trabecular bone volume fraction (p=0.002). Conclusion : Our results showed that bone turnover was significantly increased and bone mass was significantly decreased 8 weeks after ovariectomy in rats. Thus, we propose that the ovariectomized rat model be considered a reproducible and reliable model of osteoporosis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1632-1637
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• 2006

We studied the changes in biochemical markers of bone metabolism in growing Thoroughbred horses. Serum osteocalcin (OC), as a marker for bone formation, and carboxy-terminal propeptide of type-I collagen (PICP), as a marker for bone formation, carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen (ICTP), as a marker for bone resorption, were determined in nine clinically healthy horses from 3 d to 17 mo of age. The BW and withers height (WH) increased during the study. On the other hand, a rapid reduction in body weight gain (BWG) was observed between 1 mo and 9 mo of age and a rapid reduction in withers height gain was observed between 1 mo and 5 mo of age. The serum markers decreased significantly with increasing age. In particular, dramatic changes in serum markers occurred between 3 d to 1 wk and 5 to 7 mo of age in these horses, which suggests that bone turnover rapidly decreased after birth. On the other hand, the ratio of PICP to ICTP decreased through the experiment. This result suggests that the reduction in bone formation exceeded that of bone resorption. There was a significant correlation between markers and growth parameters, except for the correlation between PICP and BWG on single linear regression analysis. Serum OC and ICTP were affected by the WH in multiple linear regression analysis. These results indicated that the age-related variation in serum biochemical markers of bone metabolism reflected bone growth, but neither BW nor BWG. Therefore, we consider that changes in bone modeling are the major factor affecting the levels of serum biochemical markers by 17 mo of age in horses.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.203-217
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• 2014

Bisphosphonates are widely used in the treatment of many medical conditions, such as osteoporosis, multiple myeloma, Paget's disease, etc. However, side effect has been documented in the published data during the past years, osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients receiving long-term bisphosphonate therapy. Although pathogenesis of BRONJ(bisphophonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw) is not yet fully understood, it is currently known to be a disease associated with suppressed bone turnover by bisphopbonate. Recent literature has indicated a similar association with nonbisphosphonate drugs used in cancer therapy including monoclonal antibodies denosumab and bevacizumab and multikinase inhibitor sunitinib. Accordingly, many studies have been carried out on the biochemical markers examination to assess the risk for BRONJ. The treatment of BRONI is reported with a review of the relevant literature. However, there is still a controversial discussion about the adequate treatment. It is necessary to accumulate further studies in order to establish more useful biochemical markers and effective treatment for BRONJ.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

The effects of mulberry-leaf powder Tofu(MPT) on anthropometric measurements, including bone mineral density(BMD) in the right carpus, biochemical bone turnover markers, serum levels of lipids and macrominerals, were investigated in 30 smoking male adults who lived in Choongnam were given MPT(100 g/day) for 4 weeks. The average ages, number of smoked cigarettes and packyear were 22.38 years, 15.12/day and 3.54 years, respectively. The nutrient contents per 100 g MPT were 86.10 kcal energy, 8.98 g protein, 0.53 mg fiber, 211.33 mg Ca and 1.59 g fat. Anthropometric measurements, including dietary intake using the 24-hours recall method, carpal BMD using DEXA, serum levels of protein, albumin and glucose, lipid profiles (cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) with Al(atherosclerosis index), HTR, CRF, LHBt, some biomarkers of BMD(serum alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin, urinary DPD), and serum macrominerals(Ca, Ca/P ratio, Mg) and Pb were analyzed before and after consumption of MPT. After MPT consumption, dietary intakes of plant protein, total Ca and plant Ca increased significantly, but there were no significant differences in anthropometric measurements, BMD with bone metabolism markers, serum levels of protein, albumin or glucose, lipid profiles with AI, HTR, LHR and CRF.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.195-202
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• 2013

This study was carried out to identify the relationship of biochemical bone turnover markers, bone mineral density (BMD), and general characteristics in Korean women. One hundred eighty healthy women, 20 to 50 years of age, living in Gwangju and Chonnam participated. Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and osteocalcin (OC) were used as bone formation markers and N-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (NTx) was used as a bone resorption maker to evaluate the state of bone turnover. T-scores were measured to evaluate BMD. We analyzed general characteristics, including age, menopause status, osteoporosis history, alcohol consumption, physical activity level, and degree of obesity (BMI, percent of fat). The BAP level significantly decreased in the group of twenty-year olds and increased in the non-alcohol consuming group, the group with a family history of osteoporosis, the menopause group, and the obese group (p<0.05). The OC level was lower in the group of twenty-year olds and increased in the non-alcohol intake group and the menopause group (p<0.05). BMD significantly decreased in the obese group (p<0.05). In conclusion, BAP and OC were affected by age, alcohol consumption, osteoporosis history, menopause status, and obesity. BMD was affected by obesity degree. These results suggest that the management of alcohol consumption and obesity are important for maintaining bone status during aging in Korean women.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the different patterns of bone loss between the lumbar spine and the femur after ovariectomy in rats. Methods : Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a sham operation (the sham group) or bilateral ovariectomy (the ovariectomized group). Four and eight weeks after operation, six rats from each of the two groups were euthanized. Serum biochemical markers of bone turnover including osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which are sensitive biochemical markers of bone formation, and the telopeptide fragment of type I collagen C-terminus (CTX), which is a sensitive biochemical marker of bone resorption, were analyzed. Bone histomorphometric parameters of the 4th lumbar vertebrae and femur were determined by micro-computed tomography. Results : Ovariectomized rats were found to have higher osteocalcin, ALP and CTX levels than sham controls. Additionally, 8 weeks after ovariectomy in the OVX group, serum levels of osteocalcin, ALP and CTX were significantly higher than those of 4 weeks after ovariectomy. Bone loss after ovariectomy was more extensive in the 4th lumbar spine compared to the femur. Bone loss in the 4th lumbar spine was mainly caused by trabecular thinning, but in the femur, it was mainly caused by trabecular elimination. Conclusion : The present study demonstrates different patterns of bone loss between the 4th lumbar spine and the femur in ovariectomized rats. Therefore, when considering animal models of osteoporosis, it is important that bone sites should be taken into account.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.222-228
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• 1990

The development of histomorphometric and histodynamic investigations has permitted the description of a specific and complex osteopathy in hyperthyroidism. The increased bone turnover rate in hyperthyroid patients may be accompanied by a considerable bone loss. These features are associated with both inclosed osteoclastic bone resorption and increased osteoblastric bone formation, with an accelerated calcification rate. Conventional biochemical markers of bone metabolism, i.e. serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline and calcium are normal in most patients with hyperthyroidism. However, the correlation between serum BGP and serum concentration of thyroid hormon suggests that serum BGP may be a sensitive marker of increased bone formation due to the hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. Any increase in bone turnover, whether focal or diffuse, will result in an increase in $^{99m}Tc-methylenediphosphonate$ uptake (MDP). The measurement of this uptake in hyperthyroid patients by bone provides a sensitive and objective means of quantifying skeletal metabolism. Using a standard shadow-shield whole-body monitor and radioimmunoassay kit, we have measured whole-body retention of $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ up to 24hr and concentration of serum Osteocalcin in 20 patients with hyperthyroidism and in 42 normals. The results were as follows; 1) The average of serum Osteocalcin level in 42 patients with normals was $9.90{\pm}4.87(ng/ml)$ and in 20 patients with hyperthyroidism was $19.54{\pm}5.7(ng/ml)$. Both the averages of serum Osteocalcin and 24hr $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ uptakes in hyperthyroid patients were higher than those in normals. 2) $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ uptakes in skeletal system increased in proportion to normal ageing after 40 yrs old in 42 patients with normals. The average of $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ uptakes in hyperthyroid patients were higher than those in normals without related ageing. 3) A significant relationships between the $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ uptakes and serum Osteocalcin level were peformed (r=0.55, $y=17.58+6.7\times$). From the above results we concluded that the measurement of serum Osteocalcin and 24hr $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ uptakes can be used for evaluation of bone turnover as a specific marker in hyperthyroid patients.