• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2015

Purpose: Cholecystectomy is rarely performed in the child and adolescent. However, it is associated with several conditions. This study was conducted to describe the characteristics of pediatric patient who underwent cholecystectomy unrelated to hematologic disorders, and then to suggest its clinical significance in management by comparing a simple and complicated gallbladder disease. Methods: We reviewed cases of cholecystectomy in pediatric patients (under 18 years old) at a single institution between January 2003 and October 2014. There were 143 cases during the study period and 24 were selected as the subject group. Results: There were 7 male (29.2%) and 17 female (70.8%) patients. The mean age was 13.1 years old, and 66.6% of patients were older than 12 years. Mean body weight was 52.7 kg, and body mass index was $21.7kg/m^2$, with 41.7% of patients being overweight or obese. We could identify a female predominance and high proportion of overweight or obesity in a complicated disease. There were also significantly increased levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin in this group. Most patients (87.5%) underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Conclusion: Cholecystectomy for diseases unrelated to hematologic disorders is rarely performed in the child and adolescent. In general, female patients who are overweight or obese, and those older than 12 years old, require laparoscopic cholecystectomy owing to multiple gallstones. This condition has a tendency to show a complicated gallbladder disease and significantly increased levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.313-325
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• 1996

Experiments were undertaken to examine the ability of selenium to protect against alcohol and/or paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity and to examine the additive effect between alcohol and paraquat. Protective effect against hepatotoxic functions was measured in serum from alcohol(15% v/v), paraquat(200ppm), alcohol and paraquat, and combination of sodium selenite(4ppm) in drinking water-fed guinea pigs ad libitum for 4 weeks. A total of 68 healthy 7-weeks-old male animals were assigned at random to 8 treatment groups(9~13 animals/group). Body and liver weight losses, and high serum concentrations in aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT, in only paraquat group), $\gamma$-glutamyltranspeptidase($\gamma$-GTP), cholesterol(Cho), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen(BUN), total bilirubin(TB), direct bilirubin(DB), total protein(TP), albumin and globulin as well as low values in alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and glucose were produced in a groups of alcohol or paraquat-fed. These values were not potentiated in a group given the combination of alcohol plus paraquat. Morphological changes in the liver were also observed in the alcohol or paraquat-fed group. Lipid droplet and cell swelling in the hepatocytes were observed in alcohol-fed guinea pig, especially Mallory's hyaline arounded hepatic vein. In the paraquat-fed guinea pig, lipid droplet, pyknosis and karyolysis were observed. When alcohol or paraquat was combined with selenium-fed, hyperplasia of Kupffer cell in liver were observed. However, the mean ALT, $\gamma$-GTP, Cho, BUN, TB, TP, albumin and globulin values were lower in groups given the combination of alcohol and/or paraquat plus selenium, compared with groups given alcohol and/or paraquat. Also, the ratio of liver weight to body weight and ALP values(exception of paraquat plus selenium group) were increased by selenium. These results suggest that an adequate selenium confers marked protection against alcohol and paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 1976

The clinical abuse of C.N.S. stimulants during recent years has directed particular attention. Effect of various organs other than C.N.S. was also extensively investigated with those agents. It has been shown that, although there is a wide variation in sensitivity between species, caffeine stimulates gastric secretion in man, cat, guinea pig and dog. Roth and Ivy(1944) reported that caffeine and histamine acted synergistically in stimulating gastric secretion in the cat. Vaille et al(1966) studied that production of pancreatic juice in the rat was enhanced, but bile secretion was not affected by caffeine. In clinical study the effect of chlorpromazine on the external pancreatic secretion in the 24 subjects, the volume fell more than 20% in 7 subjects. (Skajaa et al 1960) It is widely known that C.N.S. stimulants enhanced spontaneous motor activity in the mice, while tranquilizers depressed the activity. Woo (1975) reported that the group of mice treated with chlorpromazine showed markedly inhibited motor activity and in the group of mice treated with amphetamine, there was a significant increase in the motor activity. The purpose of the present experiment was to study the effects of C.N.S. stimulants and depressant on the exocrine pancreas, and on the spontaneous motor activity in the rats. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. In animals treated with xanthine derivatives, the volume of pancreatobiliary secretion was markedly increased. 2. Total bilirubin output was elevated markedly in the xanthine derivatives and imipramine treated animals. The bilirubin concentration was increased in xanthine derivatives treated group. 3. The concentration of cholate in the bile was decreased in the chlorpromazine treated group. 4. The activity of lipase in the pancreatobiliary juice was elevated markedly in the xanthine derivatives treated group only. 5. In the all experimental groups, the activity of amylase in pancreatobiliary juice was significantly elevated. 6. In the caffeine treated group, spontaneous motor activity was markedly increased in $30{\sim}60$ minutes, and the amphetamine treated group showed the increased motor activity in first 30 minutes. 7. The group of rats treated with chlorpromazine showed markedly inhibited motor activity after 30 minutes, and the imipramine treated group showed similar result but less inhibition.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.44 no.4 s.140
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• pp.295-302
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• 2006

Liver function tests were peformed in 61 vivax, 54 malariae and 15 ovale malaria patients who were admitted to Bangkok Hospital for Tropical Diseases between 2001 and 2004. The objective of the study was to evaluate changes in hepatic biochemical indices before and after treatment with artemisinin derivatives. On admission and prior to treatment, hepatic dysfunction was found among the 3 groups. Serum liver function tests and physical examinations were peformed weekly during the 28-day follow-up period. Initially elevated serum bilirubin and diminished albumin returned to normal within 2 weeks of treatment. Serum alkaline phosphatase and aminotransferases returned to within normal limits within 3 weeks. We conclude that patients with Plasmodium vivax, P. malariae and p. ovate infections had slightly elevated serum bilirubin, aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels, and hypoalbuminemia. These minor abnormalities returned to normal within a few weeks after treatment with therapies based on artemisinin derivatives.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.869-872
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• 2000

Although there are a few reports concerning the hepatic injury of herbal medicine in western medicine, there is no reports concerning the hepatic injury of herbal medicine in oriental medicine. We experienced one case of the hepatic injury suggested toxic hepatitis (drug induced hepatitis) in the treatment of oriental medicine for cerebral infarction. We make a reports for the progress of treatment. One patient of Rt hemiparesis diagnosed cerebral infarction in Brain MRI was administered Taeumin Yuldahanso-tang, treated with physical therapy and improved in the state of Rt hemiparesis(Gr 2/3,4). In the course of treatment, the patient intermittently complained of general weakness, dizziness, pericephalic discomfort(頭不淸), nausea, both leg weakness so we changed Taeumin Yuldahanso-tang to Soyangin Dokwhaljiwhang-tang. Alter that, the patient complained of general weakness, abdominal discomfort, heat and fever($38.4^{\circ}C$). We recognized the elevated total bilirubin(1.7mg/dl), serum transaminase(AST534U/L ALT720U/L), serum gammg glutamyl transpepridase (GGT106mg/dl) and Alk phosphatase124U/L. In the abdominal ultrasonogram there is hepatomegaly (16.5cm). We supposed hepatic injury suggested toxic hepatitis(induced hepatitis) of herbal medicine. After we administered Saeng gan gunbi-tang for 2days and Alk phosphatase and GGT inadequately was elevated. After that, we stopped administering medicine and the serum transaminase, total bilirubin, serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and Alk phosphatase level was decreased. In the abdominal ultrasonogram there was no signal. In the case, we supposed that the changing Sasang constitution and Sasang herbal medicine may induce hepatic injury. We are suggesting the necessity of a test for the hepatic injury of herbal medicine.

• Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2010

Bojungbangdocktang (BJBDT), a formula of eight Oriental herbs, is a modified herbal prescription of Bangdoktang and Bojungbangamtang. Recently, BJBDT was demonstrated to inhibit angiogenesis induced by vascular endothelial growth factor in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, enhance hematopoiesis and protect cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in normal MCF-10A breast cells. Nevertheless, there is no safety study of BJBDT before clinical trial so far. Thus, in the current study, we investigated the toxicity about ethanol-extracted BJBDT. Male and female Spraque Dawley (SD) rats were given orally by BJBDT at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Mortality, clinical signs and measured change of body weight, food consumption and water consumption were observed. In addition, we performed ophthalmologic, urinary, hematological, blood serum biochemical and histopathological examination. Any general toxicity was not found in BJBDT treated group. Also, there were no significant differences in the parameters such as body weight, food consumption and water consumption, a lot of urine and blood factor levels except HCT, MCHC, Ca, TG, Glucose and T-Bilirubin level compared with control group. Although HCT was elevated and TG was decreased in male rats, and MCHC, Glucose and T-Bilirubin were elevated and Ca and HCT were decreased in female rats, these were within normal ranges. Finally, we determined that maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 1000 mg/kg and no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 500 mg/kg. Taken together, these results demonstrated that BJBDT is very safe to SD rats.

• BMB Reports
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2017

Heme oxygenase (HO-1) catalyzes heme to carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin/bilirubin, and iron and is known to prevent the pathogenesis of several human diseases. We assessed the beneficial effect of heme degradation products on osteoclastogenesis induced by receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL). Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with CORM-2 (a CO donor) and bilirubin, but not with iron, decreased RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, with CORM-2 having a more potent anti-osteogenic effect. CORM-2 also inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and osteoclastic resorption activity in marrow-derived macrophages. Treatment with hemin, a HO-1 inducer, strongly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in wild-type macrophages, but was ineffective in $HO-1^{+/-}$ cells. CORM-2 reduced RANKL-induced NFATc1 expression by inhibiting IKK-dependent NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and reactive oxygen species production. These results suggest that CO potently inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting redox-sensitive NF-${\kappa}B$-mediated NFATc1 expression. Our findings indicate that HO-1/CO can act as an anti-resorption agent and reduce bone loss by blocking osteoclast differentiation.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.252-258
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• 2020

This study investigated the biochemical and histological changes associated with the co-administration of cisplatin and methanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea (MEPO) in adult Wistar rats. Twenty-four (24) adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups (A-F) (n = 4). Group A served as the control group for the experiment and received no treatment. Group B was given a single dose of cisplatin and served as the cisplatin control group. Group C and D received 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg of MEPO 6 hours after a single dose cisplatin injection respectively. Group E and F received 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg of MEPO 6 hours before cisplatin injection. The cisplatin injection was 2 mL/kg given intraperitoneally for all groups. There was a significant increase in the serum levels of ALT, ALP, AST, total bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin following cisplatin treatment (p = 0.000, 0.000, 0.039, 0.000, 0.004 respectively) with a consequent reversal due to MEPO administration across all treated groups (p = 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, and 0.000) in a dose-dependent fashion. Cisplatin caused the expansion of the red and white pulp in the spleen which was attenuated by MEPO. MEPO demonstrated a protective effect against cisplatin-induced liver and spleen toxicity.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2681-2684
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• 2014

Aim: To compare drainage alone or combined with anti-tumor therapy for treatment of obstructive jaundice caused by recurrence and metastasis after primary tumor resection. Materials and Methods: We collect 42 patients with obstructive jaundice caused by recurrence and metastasis after tumor resection from January 2008 - August 2012, for which percutaneous transhepatic catheter drainage (pTCD)/percutaneous transhepatic biliary stenting (pTBS) were performed. In 25 patients drainage was combined with anti-tumor treatment, antineoplastic therapy including intra/postprodure local treatment and postoperative systemic chemotherapy, the other 17 undergoing drainage only. We assessed the two kinds of treatment with regard to patient prognosis. Results: Both treatments demonstrated good effects in reducing bilirubin levels in the short term and promoting liver function. The time to reobstruction was 125 days in the combined group and 89 days in the drainage only group; the mean survival times were 185 and 128 days, the differences being significant. Conclusions: Interventional drainage in the treatment of the obstructive jaundice caused by recurrence and metastasis after tumor resection can decrease bilirubin level quickly in a short term and promote the liver function recovery. Combined treatment prolongs the survival time and period before reobstruction as compared to drainage only.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 2012

Alcohol abuse and its medical and social consequences are a major health problem in many areas of the world. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of methanolic fruit extract of $Randia$ $Dumetorum$ (L.) on alcohol-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were divided into five different groups (n=6), group I served as a control, group II received ethanol (3 ml/100 g/day p.o.), group III served as standard group and received silymarin (50 mg/kg p.o.), group IV and V served as extract treatment groups and received 50 & 100 mg/kg methanolic extract of $R.$ $dumetorum$. All the treatment protocols followed 30 days and after rats were sacrificed blood and liver were used for biochemical and histological studies, respectively. The activities serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), direct bilirubin (DB), total bilirubin (TB) and lipid peroxidation were statistically increased in rats exposed to alcohol while total protein and glutathione decreased compared to control rats. Treatment with $R.$ $dumetorum$ significantly decreased the elevated levels of ALT, AST, TG, DB, TB and lipid peroxidation compared to the group exposed to alcohol only. $R.$ $dumetorum$ significantly resulted in increased levels of total protein and reduced glutathione compared to the group that received alcohol only. Histology of the liver section of the animals treated with $R.$ $dumetorum$ improved the hepatotoxicity caused by alcohol. Hence the study concluded that $R.$ $dumetorum$ has potential hepatoprotective activity.