• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

Purpose : We investigated the effects of microcurrent(MC) electrical stimulation on each intensity($100{\mu}A,\;200{\mu}A,\;500{\mu}A$ - 30pps frequency was same) on delayed onset muscle soreness(DOMS). Methods : Subjects were assigned randomly divided into three groups of eight for three different treatment protocoals($100{\mu}A,\;200{\mu}A,\;500{\mu}A$-experimental groups). Twenty-four healthy males and females subjects were participated in this study. All subjects performed eccentric exercise of elbow flexor(biceps brachii) until exhausted. The measured items of elbow flexor muscle strength were Nicholas Manual Muscle Taster(NMMT). The measured items of elbow joint range of motion ROM) were Goniometer. The measured items of elbow flexor muscle pain were visual analogue scale(VAS). Treatment were applied at 30 minute exercise after and again at 24 hours and at 48 hours and at 72 hours after. Measurements were taken after treatment. Analysis of Results using repeated measures analysis of variance(ANOVA) and post hoc tests were as follows: two-way ANOVA with repeated measurement for muscle strength, flexion ROM, extension ROM and VAS. Results : This results showed eccentric exercise casused DOMS, DOMS response to eccentric exercise were reduces by microcurrent therapy. DOMS was significant decreased at $100{\mu}A,\;200{\mu}A,\;500{\mu}A$. Muscle strength was significant difference at all intensity. Elbow flexion ROM was significant difference at all intensity but elbow extension ROM was insignificant difference at all intensity. VAS score was significant difference at $100{\mu}A$ and $500{\mu}A$ but insignificant difference at $200{\mu}A$. All experimental groups showed insignificant difference with all intensity MENS. Conclusion : These findings indicate that microcurrent therapy is had effect on recovery from exercise induced muscle damage. In our's suggestion, microcurrent therapy is particularly more appropriate therapeutic modality.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.299-303
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• 2015

Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine the changes in muscle activity on the anterior deltoid muscle depending on the stretch rate of kinesio tape when applying kinesio tape in healthy adult subjects. Methods: This study was a single-blind randomized controlled trial, including 22 healthy participants (male 15, female 7) with no pathology or past history of shoulder who participated voluntarily. Participants applied a different stretch rate of the kinesio tape, and the functional activity was tested. The stretch rate of kinesio tape was 0%, 10%, and 20%. Subjects lifted a weight (5% of their body weight) to their shoulder height. Subjects lifted a weight up to an angle of 90 degrees in the sagittal plane, and muscle activities (biceps brachii, anterior deltoid, middle deltoid, upper trapezius) were assessed using EMG (electromyography). Analysis of muscle activity was divided into two parts (lift weight and keep holding). The EMG activity of each muscle was normalized to the value of reference voluntary contraction (%RVC) and explored using repeated ANOVA. Results: There were no significant differences in muscle activity depending on the ratio of tape stretch when lifting a weight (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in muscle activity depending on the ratio of tape stretch when holding a weight (p>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, in the case of applying kinesio taping therapy for healthy people, it was found that the stretch rate of the tape does not have an effect on muscle activity.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.738-743
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• 2007

In this paper, a muscle motion sensing system and an artificial arm control system are studied. The artificial arm is for the people who lost one's forearm. The muscle motion sensing system detect the intention of motion from the upper arm's muscle. In sensing system we use flex sensors which is electrical resistance type sensor. The sensor is attached on the biceps brachii muscle and coracobrachialis muscle of the upper arm. We propose an algorithm to classify the one's intention of motions from the sensor signal. Using this algorithm, we extract the 4 motions which are flexion and extension of the forearm, pronation and supination of the arm. To verify the validity of the proposed algorithms we made experiments with two d.o.f. artificial arm. To reduce the control errors of the artificial arm we also proposed a fuzzy PID control algorithm which based on the errors and error rate.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.491-494
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 비우세 팔굽관절 굽힘근육에 원심성운동을 실시하여, 지연성근육통을 유발시킨 후, 자연치유과 경피신경전기자극치료, 그리고 냉치료의 효과를 조사하는데 그 목적이 있다. 자연치유군과 경피신경 전기자극치료군, 그리고 냉치료군의 평가를 위해 팔꿉관절의 운동시에 시상통증척도(VAS), 최대 염력, 실 효치 값을 측정하여 평가하였다. 대상자는 신체적 결함이 없는 30명의 성인을 대상으로 하였고, 대상자들은 지연성근육통 유발 후, 3개의 군인 자연치유군, 경피신경전기자극치료군, 냉치료군으로 나누었고, $60^{\circ}$/초의 등속성 각속도에서 최대 근력으로 운동시에 최대 연력과 실효치 값, 그리고 시상통증척도를 측정하여 평가하였다. 1. 시상통증척도는 경피신경전기자극치료군의 치료3일차에서 다른 군과 다른 기간에 비해 가장 낮은 수치를 나타내었고, 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<.05). 2. 최대 염력은 경피신경전기자극치료군의 치료3일차에서 다른 군과 다른 기간에 비해 가장 높은 수치를 나타내었고, 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<.05).3. 실효치 값은 경피신경전기자극치료군의 치료3일차에서 다른 군과 다른 기간에 비해 가장 높은 수치를 나타내었고, 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<.05). 이상의 연구 결과로 보아 경피신경전기자극치료는 지연성근육통에 대하여 자연 치유나 냉치료에 비해 더욱 효과적인 치료 방법임을 알 수 있다. 그러므로, 지연성근육통을 가진 환자의 치료 시에 경피신경전기자극치료의 적용은 권장되어야 한다.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

Objectives : To investigate the effects of Sa-am acupuncture on muscle architecture and elastic properties of the spastic elbow flexor and to evaluate the correlation between clinical findings and parameters of real-time sonoelastography (RTS) in patients with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis. Materials and Methods : Seven patients (five males, two females) with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis were included. Sa-am acupuncture of Ganseunggyeok (肝勝格: LU8 LR4 補, HT8 LR2 瀉) was applied to the unaffected side 3 times a week for 4 weeks. During each acupuncture treatment period, patients were requested to exercise their affected arm, and spasticity and functional recovery outcomes of the affected arm were evaluated before and after Sa-am acupuncture treatment. Clinical outcomes were assessed using motricity index (MI), modified Ashworth scale (MAS), Fugl-Meyer assessment scale (FMA) and modified Barthel index (MBI) for elbow flexor spasticity. RTS images indicate the relative hardness of the examined muscles ranged from red (hard) to purple (soft) for color-scale, and from black (hard) to white (soft) for hue scale. Color and hue histograms of the biceps brachii and brachialis were analyzed using Image J software, and median red, blue, and hue pixel intensity were obtained. Results : MI and FMA score significantly increased and MAS score significantly decreased (p<0.05). F-wave maximal amplitude of affected abductor pollicis brevis significantly decreased (p<0.05). Muscle thickness of affected brachialis significantly increased (p<0.05). Red and green pixel intensity of affected brachialis significantly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusions : Our study revealed that Sa-am acupuncture is effective as a useful and safe treatment for spasticity in chronic post-stroke hemiparesis.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.283-291
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of foot placement and height of bed surface on lumbar spine load in a dummy transfer activity. Fifteen healthy male students participated in this study. All subjects were involved in four different conditions according to foot placement (11 figure and $90^{\circ}$ figure) and height of bed surface (44 cm and 66 cm) randomly. Muscular activations of the biceps brachii, rectus femoris, elector spinae using surface-EMG, vertical ground reaction using force plate, and L4/L5 compression force using 3DSSPP (3D Static Strength Prediction Program) were measured and analysed. The results showed that muscular activations were not significantly different for the various conditions except for the rectus femoris on the right side (p<.05). Futhermore, the vertical ground reaction and L4/L5 compression force were significantly different conditions (p<.05). In conclusion, it is suggested that foot placement at $90^{\circ}$ figure is safer for transfer activity compared with the 11 figure.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.61-123
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• 2007

We translated 'poems of prograde' and 'poems of acupoints' which in the poems of acupoints and based on that, We considered the circulating direction and region of twelve meridian comparing the notion in common today with that in the 'poems of acupoints'. Finally, we got the conclusion like below 1. About circulating line of lung meridian, it'll be proper to correct that lung meridian passes through inner edge of biceps brachii muscle like heart and pericardium meridian. 2. On the part of kidney meridian in 'poems of prograde', it's right to be corrected as the circulating line that thru the inner line of vertebrae, enters heart and lung, and scattered tho breast. 3. 'Poems of prograde' can be separated two kinds go by starting-acupoints, ending- acupoints. First is 'poems of prograde' is begun from the end of members and ended in the body. Second is from Jungbu(中府) to Kimun(期門), circulating the members and the body with no ending. 4. On the above, we can find first 'poems of prograde' in "Chimkudaejeon(鍼灸大全)", "YangKyungjechimkujeonso(楊敬齋鍼灸全書)", "Chimkudaeseong(鍼灸大成)", also second can be found in "Neungmunjeonsudonginjihyul(凌門傳授銅人指穴)", "Chimkushinso(鍼灸神書)", "Kumchimbijeon(金針秘傳)", "Kyungrakhoepyun(經絡匯編), "Kyungrakko(經絡考)", "Jungsohoechamdongindosol(重西匯參銅人圖說)", "Kyungrakdoko(經脈圖考)", "ChimkuChuiyoung(針灸聚英)", "Shipsakyoungbalhwee(十四經發揮)", "Jakushimbopyokyul(刺灸心法要訣)", "Yukyoungdoik(類經圖翼)", "Yihakimmun(醫學入門)", etc. 5. Drawing an inference from above, the forms of "Jokbishibilmaek(足臂十一脈)" and "YumYangshibilmaek(陰陽十一脈)" are in "Mawangtoebaekso(馬王堆帛書)", are rather foreforms of circulation line that from the end of members and ended in the body than meridian prograde.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.313-321
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• 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study is to develop products that prevent muscular skeletal disease of farm workers, which would bring improvement for an efficient harvesting work. Background: A pretest for product development and a survey research was carried out to inspect the problems of current harvesting work procedure. The product was developed and assessed based on ideas to supplement and improve these weak points. Method: A total of twenty men were recruited to evaluate the effects of harvest baskets on the upper-limb muscle activity, working hours. For the usability evaluation, electromyogram and working hours of previous working method (disuse of harvest basket, one-hand carriage of the basket) and new working method with the usage of newly-developed harvest basket was examined. The whole anterior deltoid, biceps brachii and erector spinae on both sides, which make a total of six muscle parts, were used for this experiment. The results were analyzed using ANOVA with muscle activity (%MVC) of each three forms of work and required work time from SPSS 18.0. Results: According to the test result, all muscles did not demonstrate any statistically significant difference, with an exception of the backbone erector (right). The muscle activity of backbone erector (right) in the work method that uses the harvest basket developed in this study was detected to be approximately 23% less than that of the previous working method. Moreover, compared to the previous working method, the required work time decreased to a statistically significant degree. Conclusion: As such, the decrease in the amount of waist muscle usage at harvesting work would enable the prevention of muscular skeletal disease and stabilization of lumbar spine. Application: Which in turn would increase the effectiveness and reduce personnel expense (labor costs) while enhancing productivity with a decreased working hours.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2009

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of horizontal, vertical, asymmetric and coupling multipliers for manual material handling. Lifting tasks with 5 different horizontal distances ($30{\sim}70cm$) for 6 vertical distances(ankle, knee, waist, elbow, shoulder and head height) were experimented. The muscle activity and muscle exertion level during asymmetric load handling(without trunk flexion) was experimented. Lifting tasks with and without handle tote box for three postures(straight, bending, right angle posture) were experimented. The degrading tendency did not appeared almost in $60{\sim}70cm$ interval's horizontal distance. As a result of ANOVA, MVC paid attention to horizontal and vertical distance but cross effect was insignificant(p<0.01). The change of the MVC according to the horizontal, vertical distance appeared similar from of RWL. The results of normalized MVC measurement were decreased about 16%, 24%, 34% respectively as the asymmetry angle was $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$. RMS EMG values of right erector spinae muscles were decreased as the work posture went to $90^{\circ}$ and those of left erector spinae muscles were increased until the asymmetry angle was $40^{\circ}$ but decreased continually over $40^{\circ}$. 7 subjects, activities of left and right latissimus dorsi muscles were maintained constantly, while for remainer, those were irregular. MVC reduced maximum 23% by type of handle. MVC was highest in straight posture, but was lowest in right angle posture. As a result of ANOVA, MVC paid attention to posture, coupling(p<0.01). To all handle types, biceps brachii activity was increased in right angle posture, but reduced in straight posture. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the NIOSH guideline should not be directly applied to Korean without reasonable reexamination. In addition, we need to afterward study through an age classification.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.12-15
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• 2002

Background : Changes in firing pattern and in the recruitment order of single motor unit(MU) have been claimed to be characteristic of central motor lesions, and a reduced firing rate was found in upper motor neuron lesions. But these findings have been rarely studied before in Korea, so we studied initial MU recruitment pattern in stroke patients with hemiparesis. Methods : We studied six patients(3 men and 3 women) whose mean age was $60.6{\pm}7.4$ years. A mean $20.6{\pm}16.2$ months had elapsed since the stroke. To compare the initial MU activation patterns in proximal and distal segments of paretic limb with their contalateral unaffected counterparts, we studied the onset and recruitment intervals in biceps brachii(BB) and first dorsal interossei(FDI) muscles in paretic and healthy arms. In a single muscle we examined from 5 to 10 individual MUs. And in a single motor unit, both the onset interval and the recruitment interval was examined. Results : The mean onset interval in paretic limb was significantly(p<0.05) longer than unaffected limb at proximal and distal location: BB $118.5{\pm}17.8$ msec vs $96.1{\pm}8.3$ msec(n=58); FDI $125.8{\pm}16.7$ msec vs $101.5{\pm}17.2$ msec(n=38). The mean recruitment interval in paretic limb was also significantly(p<0.05) longer than unaffected limb: BB $87.7{\pm}14.9$ msec vs $73.4{\pm}11.5$ msec(n=53); FDI $96.3{\pm}16.4$ msec vs $87.7{\pm}14.1$ msec(n=38). Conclusion : The first recruited MU had a lower baseline firing rate and the second recruited motor unit potential appeared earlier in paretic than in healthy muscles. And these findings may explain one of the reasons for paresis in patients with stroke.