• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.220-238
• /
• 1976

Six cases of congenital heart disease were operated on by means of cardiopulmonary bypass between December, 1975 and April, 1976. Two cases of ventricular septal defects (VSD), two cases of VSD, associated with ruptured aneurysm of sinus Valsalva, two cases of atrial septal defects (ASD) and one case of pulmonic stenosis with patent ductus arteriosus were operated. Sarns roller pumps and Bentley Temptrol oxygenators were used for extracorporeal circulation. Pump oxygenator was primed with Ringer's lactate solution, 5% dextrose in water, mannitol, and ACD blood. Flow rate ranged from 2.0 to $2.4L/M^2/min$. Bicarbonate was added to the oxygenator with estimated amount as 15 mEq/L/hr. Venous catheters were introduced into superior and inferior vena cava, and oxygenated blood was returned to the body through aortic cannula inserted into ascending aorta. Moderate hypothermia ($30^{\circ}C$) was induced by core cooling. Aorta was cross clamped for 15 minutes and released for 3 minutes, and repeated clamping when necessary. Atrial and ventricular septal efects were closed by direct sutures. Aneurysms of sinus Valsalva ruptured into the right ventricle were repaired through right ventriculotomy by d:rect closure with Dacron patch reinforcement. Cardiopulmonary bypass time varied from 66 to 209 minutes, and aorta cross clamping time ranged from 13 to 56 minutes. Postoperative bleeding was minimal except one case who needed for evacuation of substernal hematoma. Intra- and postoperative urinary output was satisfactory. Acid-base balance, partial pressure of $O_2$, electrolytes, and hematological changes during intra- and post-perfusion period remained at the acceptable ranges. No mortality was experienced.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.131-142
• /
• 1973

Studies of cardiopulmonary function and acid-base balance were performed on 29 dogs during control period, during oligemic hypotension and following return of blood to the animals. Intravenous morphine and local anesthesia were used. Fifteen of the 29 animals survived the complete experiment. The 14 animals that failed to survive the experimental period died between 15 to 90 minutes after the onset of bleeding. The results were as follows. 1. The heart rate increased after the onset of bleeding and failed to return to control level following reinfusion. Stroke volume decreased markedly after bleeding and failed to recover after return of blood from the reservoir. Cardiac output also decreased during oligemic hypotension and was maintained at this level after re-infusion. Total peripheral resistance decreased significantly immediately after bleeding, however it increased soon over the pre-bleeding level. Central venous pressure decreased after the onset of bleeding and remained at lower level for the rest of the experimental period. Arterial blood pressure, clown to 40-45 mmHg by acute hemorrhage, was elevated near to control level. Left ventricular work decreased tremendously during oligemic hypotension and failed to return to control level with the re-infusion of blood. Hematocrit value showed no significant decrease after bleeding and increased after re-infusion. Hemoglobin decreased after the onset of bleeding and recovered to control value after re-infusion. 2. The respiratory rate fell rapidly after bleeding from 124 to 29 and remained at this lower level for the remainder of the experiment. The tidal volume increased after bleeding and was maintained at this level for the remainder of the experiment. The respiratory minute volume showed no significant changes throughout the experimental period. Oxygen consumption fell lightly in all animals during oligemic hypotension and returned to normal levels following re-infusion. Arterial oxygen content and arterial oxygen saturation decreased following bleeding and the values returned to normal levels after the return of blood from the reservoir The arterio-venous oxygen difference increased after the onset of bleeding. It failed to return to normal values following re-infusion. Arterial $Pco_2$ decreased in all animals after the beginning of the bleeding. Partial pressure of $Co_2$ continued to fall until re-infusion, after which the values returned toward normal. Animals became acidotic. The pH fell to lower level following bleeding. Lactic acid and lactate: pyruvate ratio also increased during same period. Arterial pH and lactic acid failed to return to control value and lactate: pyruvate ratio increased more after re-infusion. Sodium bicarbonate decreased after bleeding and returned to control value following re-infusion.

• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.17-21
• /
• 2010

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the differential mechnism of vasodilation of alcohol steamed Rhei Tangutici Radix et Rhizoma. (ART) and Rhei Tangutici Radix et Rhizoma. (RT) in rat thoracic aorta. Methods : Rat aortic ring preparations were mounted in organ baths with oxygenated (95% $O_2$-5% $CO_2$) Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solutions at $37{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ and subjected to contractions or relaxations. Results : ART exerted vasorelaxation on phenylephrine(PE)-induced contraction in a dose dependent manner. Vasorelaxation effects of ART and RT were endothelium-independent. In the $Ca^{2+}$-free high KCl (60 mM) baths, the contraction of aortic rings induced by accumulative addition of $Ca^{2+}$ (0.3-10.0 mM) was significantly reduced by pre-treatment with both ART and RT for 10 min. The magnitude of vasodilatation was biggerin ART. Moreover, verapamil ($0.001{\mu}M$) and diltiazem ($10{\mu}M$), voltage operative $Ca^{2+}$channel blockers, attenuated the relaxation effect of ART but not that of RT. In the absence of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$, pre-incubation of the aortic rings with RT ($1.0mg/m{\ell}$) significantly reduced the contraction caused by PE but not that of ART. $K^+$ channel inhibitors such as glibenclamide (Gli, $10^{-5}M$), tetraethylammonium (TEA, 1 mM) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 0.2 mM) significantly reduced the ART's vasorelaxation efficacy, but not that of RT. However, the relaxation effects of ART and RT were not inhibited by pre-treatment with indomethacin ($10^{-5}M$), and atropine ($10^{-6}M$). Conclusions : These results suggest that the endothelium-independent relaxation is due to inhibition of $Ca^{2+}$ influx via the suppression of $Ca^{2+}$ release from intracelluar store in RT but via both voltage operative $Ca^{2+}$channel blockage and $K^+$ channel activation in ART.

• 핵의학기술
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.147-151
• /
• 2009

Purpose: 2-[$^{18}F$]Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([$^{18}F$]FDG) particularly plays as a important role in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging in nuclear medicine. Domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizers are installed in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH) at June 2008, these modules were known that it's synthetic yields were guaranteed in average $45{\pm}5%$ so far. To improve yields and convenience of domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizer, numerous trials in reaction time, base concentration, pressure and temperature were performed to increase [$^{18}F$]FDG yields. Materials and Methods: Several synthetic factors (temperature, time and pressure) and shortcoming were corrected based on many evaporation test. Syringe dispensing of tetra-butylammonium bicarbonate (TBAB) was replaced with micro pipette to prepare tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride salt ([$^{18}F$]TBAF). Troublesome refill of liquid nitrogen every 2 hours which was used to protect vacuum system was changed to charcoal cartridge, base guard filter. To monitor the volume of delivered $[^{18}O]OH_2$ from cyclotron by surveillance camera, we set up the volumetric vial on the cover of the module. In addition to, the recovery vial was added in [$^{18}F$]FDG production system to recover [$^{18}F$]FDG loss due to the leak of valve ($V_{13,14}$) in [$^{18}F$]FDG purification process. Results: When we used micro pipette for adding TBAB ($30\;{\mu}L$ in 12% $H_2O$ in acetonitrile), this quantitative dispensation has enabled to improve $5.5{\pm}1.7%$ residual fluorine-18 activity in fluorine separation cartridge compared to syringe adding. Besides, the synthetic yields of [$^{18}F$]FDG has increased $58{\pm}2.6%$ (n=19), $58{\pm}2.9%$ (n=14), $60%{\pm}2.5%$ (n=17) for 3 months. The life cycle of charcoal cartridge and base vacuum was 3 months prior to filling liquid nitrogen every 2 hours and additional side separator can prevent pump corrosion by organic solvent. After setting of volumetric indicator vial, the operator can easily monitor the total volume of irradiated $[^{18}O]OH_2$ from cyclotron. The recovery vial can be used for the stabilizer when an irregular [$^{18}F$]FDG loss was generated by the leak of valves ($V_{13,14}$). Conclusions: We has optimized appropriate synthetic conditions (temperature, time, pressure) in domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizer. In addition to, the remodeling with several accessories improve yields of domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizer with reliable reproducibility.

• 지질공학
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.369-378
• /
• 2003

캐오리나이트, 일라이트, 녹리석의 중금속(Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) 흡착에 다양한 실험적 변수의 영향을 박스-벤켄(Box-Benken)모델을 이용한 통계 모델링을 실시하였다 중금속 흡착에 미치는 변수로 pH, 중금속의 초기농도, HCO3 (혹은 K)농도를 변수로 하고, 각 실험변수의 농도를 3차원으로 설정하여 모델에 근거한 벳치실험과 3차원 통계모델링을 실시하였다. 아울러 일라이트에 한하여 pH변화에 따른 중금속의 흡착특성을 알아보았다. 통계적 해를 얻기 위하여 SAS 프로그램을 이용하여 표면반응 분석을 통하여 실시하였다 중금속의 흡착에 영향을 미치는 가장 큰 변수는 pH이며, 그다음 중금속의 초기 농도와 중탄산(혹은 K성분)의 농도가 실험적 조건에 따라서 서로 다른 영향력을 보인다. 점토광물에 따른 중금속 흡착능력의 차이는 크지 않지만 일라이트의 경우 중금속의 초기농도에 따라서 흡착율에 상당한 차이를 보인다. 일라이트의 중금속 흡착에 K 성분이 흡착경쟁에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 중금속간의 흡착경쟁은 Cu>Pb>>Zn>Cd의 순서를 보인다. 중금속 흡착에 점토광물의 광물학적 영향보다는 수용액의 화학적 조건이 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 통계모델에 근거한 흡착모델링은 흡착결과를 3차원으로 효과적으로 표현할 수 있으며, 실험적 노력을 경감할 수 있는 효과적인 방법으로 판단된다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.387-391
• /
• 2007

An oxygenator is a very important artificial organ and widely used for patients with lung failure or during open heart surgery. Although an oxygenator has been widely studied worldwide to enhance its efficiency, studies on oxygenators, in particular when using a pulsatile blood flow, are domestically limited. Therefore, a new oxygenator was developed in the lab and animal experimental results are described in the paper. The oxygenator is composed of polycarbonate housing and polypropylene hollow fibers. It has a total length of 400 mm and a surface area of $1.7 m^2$. The animal experiment lasted for 4 hours. The blood flow rate was set to 2 L/min and a pulsatile blood pump, T-PLS (Twin-Pulse Life Support), was used. Samples were drawn at the oxygenator's inlet and outlet. The total hemoglobin (Hb), saturation oxygen ($sO_2$), and partial oxygen pressure ($pO_2$), partial $CO_2$ pressure ($pCO_2$), and plasma bicarbonate ion concentration ($HCO_3^-$) were measured. The oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer rates were also calculated based on the experimental data in order to estimate the oxygenator's gas transfer efficiency. The oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer rates were $16.4{\pm}1.58$ and $165.7{\pm}10.96 mL/min$, respectively. The results showed a higher carbon dioxide transfer rate was achieved with the oxygenator. Also, the mean inlet and outlet blood pressures were 162.79 and 137.92 mmHg, respectively. The oxygenator has a low pressure drop between its inlet and outlet. The aim of own preliminary study was to make a new oxygenator and review its performance when applying a pulsatile blood pump thus, confirming the possibility of a new oxygenator suitable for pulsatile flow.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.32-38
• /
• 1996

대두에 함유된 영양저해인자의 하나인 phytic acid를 감소시키기 위해 일정시간 침지시킨 대두를 microwave로 가열처리하여 phytic acid 및 phosphorus의 함량 변화를 관찰하였다. 단원콩, 만리콩 및 Amsoy의 phytic acid 함량은 각각 탈지대두 1 g중에 19.19 mg, 18.38 mg 및 16.73 mg 함유되어 있었다. 가열시간이 길어짐에 따라 콩에 함유된 phytic acid 및 phytate phosphorus 함량은 감소하는 경향을 보여서, 5분 가열시에 단원콩, 만리콩 및 Amsoy의 phytic acid 감소율은 각각 26.29%, 24.85%, 23.72%이었다. 단원콩을 12에서 30분간 autoclaving 처리하였을때 phytic acid 및 phytate phosphorus의 감소율은 18.62%와 16.95%로 microwave로 5분 처리하였을 때가 훨씬 효과적이었다. 대두의 수분함량과 microwave 가열효과와의 관계는 수분함량이 낮을수록 phytic acid의 감소 효과가 컸다. 몇가지 염용액에 12시간 침지시킨후 4분간 가열처리시 phytic acid의 감소율은 2.5% NaCl에서 24.52%, 2% $NaHCO_3$에서 26.62%, 혼합 염용액(M.S.S.)에서 28.47%로 증류수의 21.53%보다 약간 높게 나타났으며, phytate phosphorus 감소율 또한 위의 세가지 염용액에서 26.17%, 24.64% 및 26.60%로서 증류수의 19.73%보다 약간 더 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제15권12호
• /
• pp.7443-7450
• /
• 2014

본 연구는 높은 상향유속을 가지는 고율 혐기성 공정의 단점을 해결하고자 반응조의 구조개선을 통한 고율 혐기성 반응조의 성능평가를 실시하였다. 개선된 반응조는 반응조의 직경을 조절하여 반응조를 세부분으로 구분하여 제작하였다. 구조 변경된 반응조의 성능평가 결과, 반응조 하부의 단회로 및 고형물 축적현상과 미생물 유출을 방지하여 반응조 내 미생물을 안정적으로 유지할 수 있었다. 혐기성 소화 과정에서 반응조내 pH와 알카리도 상승은 유기물 분해과정 및 biogas의 일부 재용해에 의해 생성된 중탄산염에 기인한 것으로 판단되며, 높은 유기물 제거효율을 이루기 위해서는 HRT 9 hr 이상, 유기물 부하 $10.0kgTCODcr/m^3{\cdot}d$ 이하 범위로 운전하여야 한다. 혐기성 소화과정에서 발생하는 메탄가스는 유기물 부하 $7.7kgTCODcr/m^3{\cdot}d$ 이상에서 65~83 %의 높은 함량을 나타냈으며, CODcr 제거당 메탄 발생량은 $0.10{\sim}0.23m^3CH_4/kgCOD_{rem}.$으로 STP 상태의 이론적 메탄가스 발생량(0.35)보다 낮은 것으로 조사되었으며, 고율 혐기성 공정후단에 질소제거를 위한 고도처리 공정이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 1970

In an attempt to better understand the effect of whole body irradiation on the spontaneous motility and oxygen consumption rate of the isolated mouse duodenum, a whole body X-irradiation of 1,000r. was given to albino mouse, and 1) the total length of contraction of isolated duodenum was recorded on kymograph every five minutes for 60 minutes, 2) glucose and 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) were added to the reaction medium of Kreb's-Ringer-bicarbonate buffer(KRB) and response of the isolated duodenum to the drugs was observed, and 3) the oxygen consumption rate $(QO_2)$ of the isolated duodenum as well as the effect of glucose and 5-HT on $QO_2$ were measured by Warburg's standard manometric method and the comparison was made with the control(i.e. normal) group. The results thus obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The spontaneous motility of the isolated duodenum in the irradiated groups showed a significantly elevated pattern for the first 15 minutes comparing with the control. The motility, however, decreased after 15 minutes and remained so in the irradiated groups to the level of the nonirradiated control, but 24 hours post-irradiation group showed a tendency of an increased motility while one hour post-irradiation group showed no difference comparing with the control. 2. Addition of glucose produced generally elevated motility of the isolated duodenum in both irradiated and non-irradiated groups comparing with the control throughout the experiment, but no difference was observed in contractile amplitude between the irradiated and non·irradiated groups. 3. When 5-HT was added to the irradiated group, the contractile amplitude of isolated duodenum was similar to that of the control, and 5-HT alone caused a slight increase of the motility comparing with the control. 4. The oxygen consumption rate $(QO_2)$ of the isolated duodenum was found to be ,slightly increased in one hour post·irradiated group, but similar in 24 hour post·irradiated group comparing with the control. Glucose produced a significant increase of $QO_2$ in all the groups, but 5-HT produced a tendency of decrease of $QO_2$ in all the groups.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.123-129
• /
• 1990

A comparative study of acid-base balance has been made between acidemia-induced hyperkalemia and hyperkalemia-induced acidemia. A group of rabbits was infused 0.1 N hydrochloric acid solution and metabolic acidosis was induced. Another group was administered 20 mM potassium chloride solution and hyperkalemia was induced. The third group was infused 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and 20 mM potassium chloride solution, simultaneously. Acid-base data and plasma potassium ion concentration were monitored every thirty minutes in these three groups of rabbits. Following results were obtained: 1 ) Along with the infusion of hydrochloric acid, acute metabolic acidosis was induced in the rabbits. Plasma bicarbonate ion concentration decreased primarily in this group. As a respiratory compensation, there was a tendency of reduction of arterial $Pco_{2}$. The alteration of data became larger along with the amount of administration and the time elapsed. However, hyperkalemia was not so severe compared with the second group. 2) In potassium chloride infused group, plasma potassium ion concentration increased along with the time elapsed and the amount of infusion. And the alteration of acid-base data was parrallel to the level of potassium ion concentration, above all depression of pH was prominent. 3) Above data suggest that when acute metabolic acidosis was induced, exchange of intracellular potassium ion with extracellular hydrogen ion seems significant for the regulation of extracellular acid-base balance. And when hyperkalemia was induced with the infusion of potassium chloride solution, the exchange of intracellular hydrogen ion with extracellular potassium ion also seems significant for the regulation of extracellular potassium balance. 4) In the group of rabbits infused hydrochloric acid and potassium simultaneously, disturbances of acid-base balance and potassium balance were much more severe than two other groups. In these mixed disturbances, the process of compensatory mechanism might be inhibited and one disturbance might aggregate each other. 5) Through above data it has been postulated that in acid-base disturbance potassium balance can be sacrificed as a compensatory mechanism, and vice versa in disturbance of potassium balance. And our data also suggest that hydrogen ion and potassium ion are compensatory pair, one another.