• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.4063-4066
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• 2012

To determine the clinical outcome of breast cancer BI-RADS 4 lesions and seek a more effective management guideline, we conducted a retrospective study of all BI-RADS4 patients diagnosed between 2003-2008 with follow up time not less than 2 years. A total of 392 cases of BI-RADS 4 were identified and 320 could be sub-categorised as 4a, 4b and 4c. Overall malignant positive results were 7.65, 38.7 and 58.percent, respectively. In all cases assigned to the close follow up group, no malignancy was detectable (P<0.02). The results of the study suggested that BI-RADS sub-categories have benefit for cancer diagnosis and treatment decisions of clinicians and it might be possible to set up a safe follow-up guideline in selected groups of patients to minimize un-necessary tissue biopsy for breast cancer detection.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

This study investigated the variation in the intonation of Seoul Korean interjection ani across different meanings ("no" and "really?") and speech levels (Intimate and Polite) using data from Korean Intonation Corpus (KICo). The investigation was conducted in two stages. First, IP-final tones in the dataset were categorized according to the K-ToBI convention (Jun, 2000). While significant relationships were observed between the meaning of ani and its IP-final tones, substantial overlap between groups was notable. Second, the F0 characteristics of the final syllable of ani were analyzed to elucidate the apparent many-to-many relationships between intonation and meaning/speech level. Results indicated that these seemingly overlapping relationships could be significantly distinguished. Overall, this study advocates for a deeper analysis of phonetic intonation beyond ToBI-based categorical labels. By examining the F0 characteristics of the IP-final syllable, previously unclear connections between meaning/speech level and intonation become more comprehensible. Although ToBI remains a valuable tool and framework for studying intonation, it is imperative to explore beyond these categories to grasp the "distinctiveness" of intonation, thereby enriching our understanding of prosody.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.483-484
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• 2006

In this paper, we fabricated the organic bi-stable devices under the different condition from the other groups and analyzed the electrical characteristics. Then we investigated the effects of the device structure such as organic layer thickness, middle metal layer thickness and middle metal layer deposition rate on the memory characteristics.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2013

Objective : This study was designed to determine the most reliable cephalometric measurement technique in the normal population and patients with basilar invagination (BI). Methods : Twenty-two lateral radiographs of BI patients and 25 lateral cervical radiographs of the age, sex-matched normal population were selected and measured on two separate occasions by three spine surgeons using six different measurements. Statistical analysis including intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was carried out using the SPSS software (V. 12.0). Results : Redlund-Johnell and Modified (M)-Ranawat had a highest ICC score in both the normal and BI groups in the inter-observer study. The M-Ranawat method (0.83) had a highest ICC score in the normal group, and the Redlund-Johenll method (0.80) had a highest ICC score in the BI group in the intra-observer test. The McGregor line had a lowest ICC score and a poor ICC grade in both groups in the intra-observer study. Generally, the measurement method using the odontoid process did not produce consistent results due to inter and intra-observer differences in determining the position of the odontoid tip. Opisthion and caudal point of the occipital midline curve are somewhat ambiguous landmarks, which induce variable ICC scores. Conclusion : On the contrary to other studies, Ranawat method had a lower ICC score in the inter-observer study. C2 end-plate and C1 arch can be the most reliable anatomical landmarks.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was performed to examine motivational factors affecting sweetness preference in Korean and Japanese children. We identified meaningful variables that could be targeted to nutrition education interventions designed to overcome innate barriers and reduce sweetness preference and sweet food intake in Korean and Japanese children. Methods: Questionnaire surveys and sweetness preference test were conducted to examine variables affecting behavioral intention (BI) regarding sweetness preference. Questionnaire variables were based on the theory of planned behavior. Participants were recruited from one urban school from each country. In total, 166 children (mean age: 8.4 years) and their guardians (n = 166) participated in the study. A trained research assistant provided all children with personal guidance regarding completion of the sweetness preference test and survey questionnaire at school. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficients, t tests, repeated measure ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression analysis (significance level: p < 0.05). Results: Perceived behavioral control (PBC) and parenting practice were significantly associated with BI in both groups. Motivation to comply affected BI only in Japanese children, whereas affective attitude was associated with BI only in Korean children. In predicting sweetness preference, BI was associated only in Japanese children, whereas sweets consumption frequency had a significant effect in Korean children. Conclusion: The study shows similarities and differences in motivational factors, which could be considered when developing nutrition education programs in Korea and Japan. PBC and parenting practice were common factors in predicting BI. In predicting sweetness preference, BI had a significant effect on Japanese children, whereas sweets consumption frequency was the greatest contributor in Korean children.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.418-424
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• 2004

In this study, we investigated the effects of ostrich extract combined with Korean herb medicine(OEKHM) on the serum parameters in carageenan induced paw edema in rats. Carageenan causes enhanced edema formation which contributes to the pathophysiology of inflammation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. There were four groups of treatments: OEKHMs and the control. After treatment with oral doses of 3 mL/180 g BW. 3 kinds of OEKHMs were processed which were ostrich bone with flesh meat with herb medicine(BFH), ostrich bone with flesh meat(BF), and ostrich bone with internal organs(BI). The contents of crude fat of the BFH was lower, but crude protein and crude ash of the BFH were significantly higher than those of the BF and the BI. In case of the levels of minerals(Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn ) of the BFH were significantly higher than those of BF and BI. And the heavy metals(Pb and Cd) were not detected in the OEKHM. The serum level of triglyceride in the BFH treated group decreased compared to that of the edema induced group. The serum levels of HDL-cholesterol concentration in the BFH supplemented group increased compared to that of the other groups. The serum levels of minerals(Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn) of the BFH treated group significantly increased than those of other groups(p<0.05).

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2004

Three bi-functional reactive dyes such as Bis(vinylsulphone) type, Bis(monochlorotriazine) type and Bis(mononicotinotriazine) type were applied to regular viscose rayon and new regenerated cellulosic fiber ($enVix^ⓡ$) which was prepared from cellulose acetate fiber by the hydrolysis of acetyl groups, and their dyeing properties and fastness properties were compared. enVix exhibited better dyeability and fastness than regular viscose rayon and these results were also explained by the differences in the supramolecular structure of these two fibers.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1999.11d
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• pp.915-917
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• 1999

We investigated the effects of doping elements on the Bi system superconductor. The doping elements can be classified into two groups depending on their supeconducting characteristics in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O structure. The first group of doping elements(P and K) have a tendency to decompose the superconducting phase and reduce the optimal sintering temperature. The second group of doping elements(B, Si, Sn and Ba) almost uneffected the superconductivity of the 2223 and 2212 phase.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.561-571
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• 2014

The standards of ventilation system for bi-directional tunnel have not been established now. For this reason, with regard to the bi-directional tunnel below 1km, some problems have been appeared in ventilation capacity designing and in determining whether the mechanical ventilation system is needed or not for each case. In this study, we examine the characteristics of natural ventilations, analyze ongoing ventilation design cases for bi-directional tunnels and classify those cases into two groups. This study is carried out about the capability of using natural ventilating system by calculation of reasonable ventilation capacity in bi-directional tunnel and review of relationship between natural wind speed ($Vr^*$) and required speed(Vreq). This paper aims at providing a basis data for bi-directional tunnel ventilation design standards.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.91-95
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• 2002

Purpose: We compared the quality of life (QOL) and nutritional outcomes following both Billroth I (BI) and Billroth II (BII) reconstructions after a subtotal gastrectomy in order to identify which reconstruction would produce a better QOL and nutritional outcomes and to provide better follow-up management. Materials and Methods: We studied 273 patients without evidence of recurrent disease following a curative distal subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Among them, 135 underwent a BI reconstruction and 138 a BII reconstruction. The nutritional status was assessed by using levels of hemoglobin, serum albumin, iron, and vitamin B12 and by calculating the relative body weight, the body mass index, and the percentage of body fat. The QOL was measured by using the Troidl score and by treatment-specific symptoms based on the criteria, somewhat modified by the authors, of Korenaga and others. Results: There was no significant difference in QOL between the BI and the BII groups. More than half of the patients revealed anemia, regardless of the type of reconstruction. The serum vitamin $B_{12}$ level of the BII group was lower than that of the BI group. The BII group showed a tendency toward lower hemoglobin levels and serum iron concentrations than the BI group did. Conclusions: The quality of life was not impaired in most patients after either a BI or a BII reconstruction. However, both resulted in iron deficiency anemia, although the incidence was higher after a BII reconstruction. The patient's serum iron and vitamin B12 should be measured periodically and these must be administered if the measurements reveal a below normal range.