• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제48권1호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2021

A total of twenty-four multiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) and their litters were used in this 21-day experimental trial. Based on their body weight, sows were randomly allocated into one of three treatments with eight replicates. The dietary betaine supplementation contained three levels: (i) CON (Basal diet + 0% Bet), (ii) Bet 0.05% (CON + 0.05% Betaine), and (iii) Bet 0.15% (CON + 0.15% Betaine). The supplementation of betaine had no effect (p > 0.05) on body weight and feed intake of lactating sow. Moreover, no significant response was observed on backfat thickness, body condition score, and weaning of the estrus interval with the dietary supplementation of betaine. In addition, the litter weaning weight, litter weight gain, average litter daily gain, and survivability rate at birth showed no significant difference with the dietary betaine supplementation of the sow diet. Fecal scores of the lactating sows and suckling piglets were not affected (p > 0.05) with the dietary betaine supplementation compared with the control diet during the experimental periods. The findings of this study showed that betaine supplementation does not boost growth performance, feed intake, body conditions, and fecal score in lactating sows and suckling piglets fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.7-14
• /
• 2013

Betaine supplementation has been shown to alleviate altered glucose and lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet or a high-sucrose diet. We investigated the beneficial effects of betaine in diabetic db/db mice. Alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress was also examined in the livers and brains of db/db mice fed a betaine-supplemented diet. Male C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice were fed with or without 1% betaine for 5 wk (referred to as the db/db-betaine group and the db/db group, respectively). Lean non-diabetic db/+ mice were used as the control group. Betaine supplementation significantly alleviated hyperinsulinemia in db/db mice. Betaine reduced hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha, a major transcription factor involved in gluconeogenesis. Lower serum triglyceride concentrations were also observed in the db/db-betaine group compared to the db/db group. Betaine supplementation induced hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a mRNA levels, and reduced acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity. Mice fed a betaine-supplemented diet had increased total glutathione concentrations and catalase activity, and reduced lipid peroxidation levels in the liver. Furthermore, betaine also reduced ER stress in liver and brain. c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity and tau hyperphosphorylation levels were lower in db/db mice fed a betaine-supplemented diet, compared to db/db mice. Our findings suggest that betaine improves hyperlipidemia and tau hyperphosphorylation in db/db mice with insulin resistance by alleviating ER and oxidative stress.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.706-711
• /
• 2009

This study was carried out to compare the growth performance and quality properties of pork from finishing pigs fed different levels of betaine. A total 120 female pigs (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc) were fed either a control commercial diet or the control diet supplemented with 2, 4 and 6% betaine for 31 days. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the 2% diet was lower than of the other treatment groups. The average daily gain (ADG) for pigs fed betaine diets was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with nonsupplemented diets. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of pigs fed betaine diets was significantly lower (p<0.05) compared with nonsupplemented diets. pH of loin and ham samples were not significantly different between dietary groups, whereas CIE a* (redness) of pork loin was increased by dietary betaine. Also, the shear force value of loin was significantly higher (p<0.05) in pigs given dietary betaine compared with non-supplemented diets, but no significant differences were found in cooking loss by the loin among diets with different levels of betaine (p>0.05). Dietary supplementation with betaine decreased total cholesterol concentrations in blood, and increased saturated fatty acid and decreased unsaturated fatty acid levels in muscle. Pigs supplemented with betaine had increased betaine concentrations in the loin muscle. It was concluded that dietary betaine supplementation of finishing pigs can improve growth performance and reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. It was also concluded that dietary betaine produced detectable betaine concentrations in the lion muscle.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국가금학회 2006년도 제23차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
• /
• pp.17-27
• /
• 2006

The effects of dietary betaine on performance, blood compositions, hepatic amino acid concentrations and hormonal secretions were examined in laying hens. Egg production was significantly higher in birds fed the 16.5 % protein diet compared to those fed 14.5 % protein diet(p<0.05), whereas dietary supplementation of betaine did not show any significant effect. The high level of protein and betaine supplementation significantly improved egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion(p<0.05), while eggshell breaking strength, eggshell thickness and Haugh unit were not influenced by betaine and dietary protein levels. Supplemental betaine did not affect serum total protein, albumin and BUN concentration. However, uric acid concentration significantly increased in 600 ppm betaine-fed groups(p<0.05). Concentrations of most hepatic amino acid were influenced by increased protein feeding and dietary betaine supplementation. Hormone studies recorded significantly higher serum and hepatocyte IGF-I concentration in 600 and 1,200 ppm betaine treatments(p<0.05) compared to those of control group. IGF-I mRNA gene expression of hepatocytes revealed statistically correlated increase in 600 and 1,200 ppm betaine-fed groups compared to the controls(p<0.05). Serum IGFBP-3 concentration was significantly elevated in 600 ppm betaine treatments. However, the secretion of IGFBP-1 in hepatocyte of laying hens fed with 600 and 1,200 ppm of betaine showed a significant decrease compared to the control group(p<0.05). Results of these study show that dietary betaine supplementation affects protein and hormone metabolism in laying hens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권11호
• /
• pp.1754-1760
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary glycine betaine on pork quality in different muscle types. A total of 80 female pigs ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$) were randomly allotted into one of four experimental diet groups. Each group of pigs were fed a commercial diet (Control) with 0.2 g glycine betaine (T1), 0.4 g glycine betaine (T2) and 0.6 g% glycine betaine (T3)/kg for 40 days. pH of belly was significantly higher in the control than dietary glycine betaine groups at 13 days of storage, whereas pH of picnic shoulder and ham were significantly lower in control than glycine betaine groups. At 13 days of storage, redness (a*) of belly was significantly higher in control than dietary glycine betaine groups, whereas picnic shoulder and ham were significantly higher in glycine betaine groups than in the control. Water-holding capacities (WHC) of all muscle samples were significantly higher in the control than glycine betaine groups until 5 days of storage. Sarcomere length was significantly longer in the control than glycine betaine groups. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value of belly was much higher than other muscle types at 13 days of storage. In fatty acid composition, dietary glycine betaine increased the ratio of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and decreased unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) in loins.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.427-438
• /
• 2015

폭염에 노출된 육용오리에서 짧은 사슬지방산(short chain fatty acid, SCFA), 혈액 프로파일 및 생산성에 관한 베타인 800 ppm 함유사료의 급여시기 별 차이를 조사하였다. 오리 (Cherry valley, Anas platyrhynchos) 240 마리를 4처리 3반복(반복 당 20마리)으로 완전임의배치 한 후 42일 간 사육하였다. 4개의 처리구는 C(베타인 무첨가 폭염 대조군), T1(베타인 800 ppm 사료 무제한 급여군), T2(베타인 800 ppm 사료 오전 05:00-10:00, 오후 17:00-20:00 제한급여군), T3(베타인 800 ppm 사료 17:00-10:00 야간 제한급여군)로 구분하였다. 42일령 체중은 T2, T1, T3 순서로 베타인 사료 급여시기 처리구가 폭염 대조군에 비해서 증가하였으나 T1, T3 사이의 유의차는 없었다. 사료요구율은 베타인을 함유하지 않은 사료의 무제한 급여 폭염 대조군이 베타인 사료의 급여시기 처리군에 비해서 높았으나 T1, T2, T3 사이의 유의차는 없었다. PLT, MPV를 제외한 적혈구 및 혈소판의 프로파일은 베타인 함유사료를 급여하는 시기에 따라서 통계적인 유의차가 인정되었다. 혈액 $K^+$를 제외한 $Na^+$, $Cl^-$은 베타인 함유사료를 오전, 오후로 구분하여 급여해준 T2가 다른 두 개의 처리군에 비해서 유의하게 높았다. 혈액 가스는 T2가 다른 두 개의 처리군에 비해서 일반적으로 높은 경향을 보였다. 총 SCFA, 초산, 프로피온산은은 T2가 다른 두 개의 처리군에 비해서 높은 경향을 보였으나 이와 반대로 뷰티르산, 이소뷰티르산, 발레르산, 이소발레르산은 일반적으로 낮았다. 이상의 결과는 폭염에 노출된 오리에서 베타인 800 ppm을 함유하는 사료의 오전 05:00-10:00, 오후 17:00-20:00 급여가 베타인의 약리학적 기작을 통한 성장능력을 개선할 수 있음을 나타낸다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제17권6호
• /
• pp.1084-1098
• /
• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Previous research has shown maternal betaine supplementation alleviates fetal-derived hepatic steatosis. Therefore, this study examined the anti-inflammatory effect of maternal betaine intake in offspring mice and its mechanism. MATERIALS/METHODS: Female C57BL/6J mice and their offspring were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the treatment received during gestation and lactation: control diet (CD), fatty liver disease (FLD), and fatty liver disease + 1% betaine (FLD-BET). The FLD group was given a high-fat diet and streptozotocin (HFD + STZ), and the FLD-BET group was treated with HFD + STZ + 1% betaine. After weaning, the offspring mice were given a normal diet for 5 weeks and then dissected to measure the relevant indexes. RESULTS: Compared to the CD group, the offspring mice in the FLD group revealed obvious hepatic steatosis and increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; maternal betaine supplementation reversed these changes. The hepatic mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-18, and Caspase-1 were significantly higher in the FLD group than in the CD group. Maternal betaine supplementation reduced the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing C-terminal caspase recruitment domain (ASC). Maternal betaine supplementation also reversed the increasing protein expressions of nitric oxide dioxygenase-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in offspring mice exposed to HFD + STZ. Maternal betaine supplementation decreased the homocysteine (Hcy) and s-adenosine homocysteine (SAH) levels significantly in the livers. Furthermore, the hepatic Hcy concentrations showed significant inverse relationships with the mRNA expression of TNF-α, NLRP3, ASC, and IL-18. The hepatic SAH concentration was inversely associated with the IL-1β mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: The lipotropic and anti-inflammatory effect of maternal betaine supplementation may be associated with the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome in the livers of the offspring mice.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제46권5호
• /
• pp.821-832
• /
• 2004

80두의 3원교잡종 돼지를 이용하여, 40일간 글라이신 베타인이 함유된 시험사료를 급여한 후 도축하여 글라이신 베타인 급여가 돈육 등심의 품질에 미치는 효과를 측정하였다. 돈육 등심내 글라이신 베타인의 축적율은 글라이신 베타인의 급여량이 높을수록 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 0.4% 글라이신 베타인 급여구는 저장기간의 증가에 따라 등심육의 pH가 유의적으로 (P<0.05) 증가하였으며, 저장 13일에는 글라이신 베타인 급여구가 대조구에 비교해 유의적으로(P<0.05) 높은 pH를 나타내었다. 글라이신 베타인 급여 수준에 의한 명도값$(L^*)$은 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으며, 적색도$(a^*)$ 또한 글라이신 베타인의 급여에 의한 주목할만한 경향을 나타내지 않았다. 황색도 $b^*$는 저장 9일에 0.4%와 0.6% 글라이신 베타인 급여구가 대조구와 0.2% 글라이신 베타인 급여구에 비교해 유의적으로 (P<0.05) 낮게 냐타났다. 또한 저장 13일에는 0.6% 급여구가 가장 낮은(P<0.05) 황색도 값을 나타내었다. 글라이신 베타인 급여에 의한 전단력 차이에서는 글라이신 베타언급여구가 대조구에 비교해 유의적으로(P<0.05) 높은 전단가를 나타내었다. 또한 저장 9일까지는 0.4% 글라이신 베타인 급여구가 가장 높은(P<0.05) 전단력을 나타내었으며, 저장 13일에는 0.2% 글라이신 베타인 급여구가 유의적으로(P<0.05) 가장 높은 전단력을 나타내었다. 근절의 길이의 변화를 보면 0.6% 글라이신 베타인 급여구가 전 저장기간동안 기장 짧은(P<0.05) 근절길이를 냐타내었으며, 대조구의 근절길이는 전 저장기간동안 가장 길게 나타났다. 지방산패도의 변화는 저장기간이 경과할수록 모든 처리구의 지방산패도는 유의적으로(P<0.05) 증가하였으나, 처리구간의 지방산패도는 전 저장기간동안 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 글라이신 베타인의 급여에 의해 불포화지방산의 함량은 감소하고 포화지방산의 함량은 증가하는 결과를 나타내었다. 특히 linoleic acid와 myristic acid는 글라이신 베타인의 급여수준이 높을수록 감소하는(P<0.05) 경향을 나타내었다. 신선육의 관능검사에서 육색은 저장 1일차에 글라이신 베타인 급여구가 대조구에 비교해 유의적으로(P<0.05) 높게 나타났으나 저장기간이 경과한 이후에는 처리구간의 육색은 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 신선육 육향과 전체적언 가호도 및 가열육 관능검사는 처려구간의 주목할만한 차이를 나타내지 않았다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.394-404
• /
• 2015

This study investigated the pharmacodynamics of betaine on the blood profile and short chain fatty acid levels in meat ducks exposed to heat wave. 400 heads of Cherry valley (Anasplatyrhynchos) meat ducks were completely randomized to 5 treatments (4 repetitions each), and were raised for 42 days. They were grouped into T1 (heat wave control group without betaine), T2 (betaine 400 ppm), T3 (betaine 800 ppm), T4 (betaine 1200 ppm), and T5 (normal control group without betaine). Compared to T1, the betaine addition groups showed higher body weight gain at shipment, with T3 showing the highest significant difference. For hematological indictors measured (red blood cells and platelets), the betaine addition groups showed significantly higher values than the heat wave control group. The pH of the former was lower but their electrolytes ($K^+$, $P^+$, and $Cl^-$) were significantly higher compared to the latter. For blood gas concentration, the former showed a significantly higher value than the latter. For the total short chain fatty acids, acetic acid, and propionic acid, the betaine addition groups and group fed broiler-high temperature diet showed higher values than the heat wave control group. On the other hand, the former showed significantly lower values in butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid than the latter group. These results suggest that betaine has the pharmacodynamics that mediate heat stress, via the maintenance and control of the blood profile, osmotic pressure, gas concentration, and short chain fatty acid, of meat ducks under heat wave.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.259-267
• /
• 2003

비태인의 산란계 급여가 산란율과 지질 대사, 삼투압 조절에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 18주령 ISA Brown 산란계를 이용하여 42주령까지 두 번의 사양실험을 실시하였다. 실험 1에서, 산란계 360수를 공시하여 조단백질 16%와 대사에너지 2,800 kcal/kg, methionine 0.33%를 함유한 옥수수-대두박 위주의 실험사료에 비태인 0, 300, 600, 1200 ppm을 첨가 급여하였다. 8주마다 산란율과 난중, 사료섭취량, 사료 요구율, 난품질을 측정하였으며 간과 계란의 비태인 함량과 복강지방, 혈중 cholesterol, total protein, albumin 함량을 측정하였다. 실험 2에서 33주령 ISA Brown 산란계 20수를 케이지에 개체수용하여 2주간 사료와 물 섭취량을 측정하였으며 급여한 사료는 실험 1과 같다. 실험 종료후 산란계를 모두 희생시켜 혈청과 회장 내용물의 삼투압, arginine vasotocin(AVT), 간의 수분함량을 측정하였다. 실험 1에서, 초기 8주간은 산란율에 차이를 보이지 않았으나 산란율이 최고에 달한 이후 비태인 600ppm 이상 급여구에서 산란율이 현저히 증가하였다(P<0.05). 그러나 난중은 초기 8주간은 현저히 감소하였으나 이후 차이를 보이지 않았다. 사료요구율은 비태인 급여구에서 개선되는 경향을 보였으나 난품질은 차이를 보이지 않았다. 간의 비태인 함량은 비태인의 급여로 대조구보다 증가하였으나 계란의 비태인 함량은 비태인의 급여로 감소하였다. 비태인의 급여는 혈중 총콜레스테롤과 중성지방을 증가시켰으나 비태인 급여 수준에 따라서는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 복강지방 함량은 비태인의 급여로 증가하였으나 간 지방은 감소하였다. 실험 2에서 음수량은 비태인 300과 600ppm 급여구에서 현저히 증가하였으며(P<0.05) 회장 소화물의 삼투압도 증가하였다. 그러나 간의 수분함량은 영향을 받지 않았으며 AVT는 비태인의 급여로 증가하였다. 이상의 결과에서 비태인의 급여는 산란율을 증가시키고 지질 대사를 개선할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.