• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.234-243
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• 2020

The physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of Lentinula edodes cultivated with liquid spawn were compared according to the harvest cycle (1-3 cycles). There was no significant difference in moisture content. The crude lipid and crude protein contents tended to decrease according to harvest cycle. The content of β-glucan was the highest in mushrooms after one cycle. The β-glucan content in cycles 2 and 3 was 68.5% and 62.3% that of the content after cycle 1, respectively. Mineral content in the pileus and stipe was similar. The mineral content was highest in the pileus after two cycles. Composition and contents of free amino acids tended to decrease according to the harvest cycle. Contents of essential amino acids were higher in mushroom after one cycle. Total phenol content was highest in the pileus (31.96 mg/100 g) and the stipe (21.10 mg/100 g) after one cycle and tended to decrease with subsequent cycles. The flavonoid content was 11.13 mg/100 g after one cycle and significantly decreased according to the harvest cycle. Antioxidant activities were also highest after one cycle and significantly decreased according to the harvest cycle. When compared to L. edodes cultured for one cycle, L. edodes cultivated with liquid spawn for three cycles was considered to have similar marketability in terms of quality characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1672-1681
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• 2015

Garlic has been consumed for a long time as a food in Korea. Among commercial garlic products, aged black garlic is known to contain bioactive ingredients. Giant garlic is large garlic with a mild and sweet flavor. However, there have been few studies on the bioactive effects of giant garlic. This study analyzed valid substances of giant black garlic (GBG), giant fresh garlic (GFG), normal black garlic (NBG), and normal fresh garlic (NFG). Moisture content of GBG decreased in comparison with that of GFG. Ash, crude protein, crude lipid, total pyruvate, S-allylcysteine, and S-allylmercaptocysteine contents were the highest in GBG. The pH values of GBG, GFG, NBG, and NFG were 3.77, 5.97, 3.94, and 6.10, respectively. Acidity of GBG was higher than that of GFG. Total sugar content of GBG increased while reducing sugar content was the same as that of GFG. Composition of amino acids except for histidine, lysine, and arginine in GBG was higher than that of GFG, and free amino acids excluding arginine, cysteine, lysine, phosphoethanolamine, and urea were higher than those of GFG. In minerals, Cu, Fe, and Mg contents were higher than those of GFG.

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.346-354
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• 2006

The full-length cDNA of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was obtained from liver. The grass carp UCP2 cDNA was determined to be 1152 bp in length with an open reading frame that encodes 310 amino acids. Five introns (Intron 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) in the translated region, and partial sequence of Intron 2 in the untranslated region of grass carp UCP2 gene were also obtained. Gene structure comparison between grass carp and mammalian (human and mouse) UCP2 gene shows that, the UCP2 gene structure of grass carp is much similar to that of human and mouse. Partial UCP2 cDNA sequences of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), were further determined. Together with the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) UCP2 sequence from GenBank (AJ243486), multiple alignment result shows that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the UCP2 gene, were highly conserved among the five major Chinese carps that belong to four subfamilies. Using beta-actin as control, the ratio UCP2/beta-actin mRNA (%) was determined to be $149.4{\pm}15.6$ (common carp), $127.4{\pm}22.1$ (mud carp), $96.7{\pm}12.7$ (silver carp), $94.1{\pm}26.8$ (bighead carp) and $63.7{\pm}16.2$ (grass carp). The relative liver UCP2 expression of the five major Chinese carps, shows a close relationship with their food habit: benthos and detrituseating fish (common carp and mud carp) > planktivorious fish (silver carp and bighead carp) > herbivorious fish (grass carp). We suggest that liver UCP2 might be important for Chinese carps to detoxify cyanotoxins and bacteria in debris and plankton food.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.391-397
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• 2013

A putative cyclomaltodextrinase (LLCD) gene was cloned from the genome of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis KCTC 3769 (ATCC 19435), which encodes 584 amino acids with the predicted molecular mass of 68.7 kDa. KCTC 3769 shares approximately 40% of amino acid sequence identity with the CDase-family of enzymes. The dimeric enzyme with C-terminal six-histidines was heterologously expressed and purified from recombinant E. coli. LLCD showed the highest activity against ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (CD) at pH 7.0 and $37^{\circ}C$. In particular, LLCD exhibited extremely low activity against starch and pullulan, while its CD-hydrolyzing activity was about 80 times higher than starch. Due to its much higher activity on CD over starch, LLCD has been identified as a member of CDases. However, LLCD can be distinguished from the other common CDases on the basis of its extremely low hydrolyzing activity against starch, pullulan, and acarbose.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2006

Antheraea yamamai silk fibroin powder was prepared by treatment with HCl. The prepared A. yamamai fibroin hydrolysate was characterized by gel filtration chromatography, amino acid analysis, X-ray diffractometry, circular dichroism analysis, differential thermal analysis, and thermogravimetry. The average molecular weight of A. yamamai powder was about 430 and the major amino acids composed of the powder were Ala and Ser. According to XRD analysis, A. yamamai silk powder showed sharp diffraction peaks at $2{\theta}=20.34^{\circ}\;and\;31.5^{\circ}$. CD spectrum showed a peak around 220 nm and a should 215 nm, assigned to ${\alpha}-helix\;and\;{\beta}-sheet$ structure, respectively. DSC and TGA showed that the maximum degradation temperature of powder was around $250{\sim}270^{\circ}C$. Moreover, no harmful heavy metal was contained in the A. yamamai silk fibroin hydrolysate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.126-133
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• 2016

A gene from Actinomyces sp. Korean native goat (KNG) 40 that encodes an endo-${\beta}$-1,4-glucanase, EG1, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) $DH5{\alpha}$. Recombinant plasmid DNA from a positive clone with a 3.2 kb insert hydrolyzing carboxyl methyl-cellulose (CMC) was designated as pDS3. The entire nucleotide sequence was determined, and an open-reading frame (ORF) was deduced. The ORF encodes a polypeptide of 684 amino acids. The recombinant EG1 produced in E. coli $DH5{\alpha}$ harboring pDS3 was purified in one step using affinity chromatography on crystalline cellulose and characterized. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/zymogram analysis of the purified enzyme revealed two protein bands of 57.1 and 54.1 kDa. The amino terminal sequences of these two bands matched those of the deduced ones, starting from residue 166 and 208, respectively. Putative signal sequences, a Shine.Dalgarno-type ribosomal binding site, and promoter sequences related to the consensus sequences were deduced. EG1 has a typical tripartite structure of cellulase, a catalytic domain, a serine-rich linker region, and a cellulose-binding domain. The optimal temperature for the activity of the purified enzyme was $55^{\circ}C$, but it retained over 90% of maximum activity in a broad temperature range ($40^{\circ}C$ to $60^{\circ}C$). The optimal pH for the enzyme activity was 6.0. Kinetic parameters, $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ of rEG1 were 0.39% CMC and 143 U/mg, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.3 s.63
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• pp.27-42
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• 2005

Objectives : Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. These plaques are associated with degenerating neuronal processes and consist primarily of fibrillary aggregates of beta-amyloid$ protein, generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP). Another amyloidogenic fragment, the carboxyl terminus (CT) of APP, which is composed of 99-105 amino acid residues containing the complete $A{\beta}$ sequence, also appears to be toxic to neurones. Recent evidence suggest that CT105, carboxy terminal 105 amino acids peptide fragment of APP, may be an important factor causing neurotoxicity in AD. Methods : Although a variety of oriental prescriptions including Pinelliae rhizoma have traditionally been utilized for the treatment of AD, their pharmacological effects and action mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated effects of the dichloromethane extract of Pinelliae rhizoma (PINR) on neurotoxicity and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in SK-N-SH cells overexpressed with CT105. In addition, we evaluated its radical scavenging activity and effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Furthermore, effects on cognitive deficits induced by scopolamine treatment in rats were evaluated. Results ; We found in this study that PINR significantly inhibited apoptotic neuronal death induced by CT105 overexpression in SK-N-SH cells. Based on morphological examinations by phase-contrast microscopy, PINR reversed apoptotic changes of CT105-expressed cells. It was also found that PINR significantly promoted neurite outgrowth and inhibited formation of ROS nd NO. PINR was shown to scavenge DPPH radicals and noncompetitively inhibit AChE activity. Furthermore, it reduced scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rata, assessed by passive avoidance test. Conclusions : Taken together, these results demonstrate that PINR exhibits neuroprotective, antioxidant, and memory enhancing effects, and therefore may bs beneficial for the treatment of AD.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1259-1266
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• 1998

To clarify the values and varieties of the buckwheats as a dietary source of nutritional and functional components, thirteen different samples of buckwheat were analyzed for this investigation. Six developed seeds were given by RDA, Korea or RDA branch of Kangwondo, and seven land race seeds were collected from a farmhouse. Amino acid analysis showed that glutamate, arginine and asparagine were major amino acids, whereas tryptophan, methionine and cysteine were minor ones of buckwheat. In addition, tryptophan content of buckwheat cultivars from Korea was 195 mg% on average. The content of rutin tended to be higher in developed cultivars than land races. On the other hand, the contents of phytic acid in buckwheats were in the range of 7.0 to 13.6 mg/g. In the tocopherol homologues of the buckwheats analyzed by HPLC, mean ${\gamma}-tocopherol$ contents were 6.16 mg/100 g with the actual range of $4.67{\sim}8.58\;mg/100g$, whereas ${\beta}-form$ was very low or zero. There were a big variations in the iron content of the buckwheats of the minerals. SDS-PAGE showed that total proteins from buckwheats exhibited a relatively similar electrophoretic patterns on the whole. The results show that CV Suwon 1 has good quality, judged from the distribution of the components of buckwheats analyzed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.257-264
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• 2019

Objective: Dairy cattle nutrient requirement systems acknowledge amino acid (AAs) requirements in aggregate as metabolizable protein (MP) and assume fixed efficiencies of MP used for milk protein. Regulation of mammary protein synthesis may be associated with AA input and milk protein output. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nanoemulsified methionine and cysteine on the in-vitro expression of milk protein (casein) in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T cells). Methods: Methionine and cysteine were nonionized using Lipoid S 75 by high-speed homogenizer. The nanoemulsified AA particle size and polydispersity index were determined by dynamic light scattering correlation spectroscopy using a high-performance particle sizer instrument. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was performed to determine the cytotoxicity effect of AAs with and without nanoionization at various concentrations (100 to $500{\mu}g/mL$) in mammary epithelial cells. MAC-T cells were subjected to 100% of free AA and nanoemulsified AA concentration in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12) for the analysis of milk protein (casein) expression by the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method. Results: The AA-treated cells showed that cell viability tended to decrease (80%) in proportion to the concentration before nanogenesis, but cell viability increased as much as 90% after nanogenesis. The analysis of the expression of genetic markers related to milk protein indicated that; ${\alpha}_{s2}$-casein increased 2-fold, ${\kappa}$-casein increased 5-fold, and the amount of unchanged ${\beta}$-casein expression was nearly doubled in the nanoemulsified methionine-treated group when compared with the free-nanoemulsified methionine-supplemented group. On the contrary, the non-emulsified cysteine-administered group showed higher expression of genetic markers related to milk protein ${\alpha}_{s2}$-casein, ${\kappa}$-casein, and ${\beta}$-casein, but all the genetic markers related to milk protein decreased significantly after nanoemulsification. Conclusion: Detailed knowledge of factors, such nanogenesis of methionine, associated with increasing cysteine and decreasing production of genetic markers related to milk protein (casein) will help guide future recommendations to producers for maximizing milk yield with a high level of milk protein casein.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.671-676
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• 2021

A cDNA encoding the protein lethal (2) essential for life [l(2)efl] was cloned from Gryllus bimaculatus and named GBl(2)efl. This protein is composed of 189 amino acids, including an N-glycosylation site and 15 phosphorylation sites. Its predicted molecular mass is 21.19 kDa, with a theoretical isoelectric point of 6.2. The secondary structure of GBl(2)efl was predicted from the identification of random coils (56.08%), alpha helices (22.22%), extended strands (17.99%), and beta turns (3.7%) through sequence analyses. A homology analysis revealed that GBl(2)efl exhibited a high similarity with other species at the amino acid level, ranging from 52% to 69%. While GBl(2)efl mRNA expression was higher in the dorsal longitudinal flight muscle following a three-day starvation and in the Malpighian tubules following a one-day starvation, no changes in expression were detected in other tissues. Furthermore, tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress resulted in an approximately 1.8-fold higher expression in the fat body compared with the wild type.