• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2004

Adrenergic receptors play a major role in thermogenesis and lipolysis in brown and visceral adipose tissues, and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic disorders. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of $\beta$2-adrenergic receptor ($\beta$2AR) and $\beta$3-adrenergic receptor ($\beta$3AR) genotypes on hyperglycemia and obesity in the Korean population. A representative sample consisting of 530 Korean men and women were measured for height, weight, BMI, WHR, obesity index and body composition. The genotypes of $\beta$2AR polymorphism in codon 27 and $\beta$3AR polymorphism in codon 64 were analyzed by the PCR RFLP method. Serum concentrations of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride were determined. The frequencies of $\beta$2AR and $\beta$3AR genotype were: both wild type, 62.5% ; only $\beta$2AR variant type, 12.8% ; only $\beta$3AR variant type, 18.8% ; and both variant type, 5.8% ; the frequency of E and R alleles were 0.098 and 0.137, respectively. Among the physiological parameters, fasting glucose level was significantly higher in subjects with both variant type compared with the three other types (p <0.05), Subjects with both variant type had 12%, 12% and 9.3% increases in serum glucose levels compared with wild type, only $\beta$2AR variant type, and only $\beta$3AR variant type, respectively. When logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the risk for hyperglycemia, the subjects were selected for fasting blood glucose concentrations of more than 6.105 m㏖/L (110 mg/dL), and the odds ratios were 1.215 (p=0.636) for only $\beta$2AR variant type,1.659 (p=0.089) for only $\beta$3AR variant type, and 3.078 (p=0.011) for both variant type. These results suggest that the interaction of $\beta$2AR and $\beta$3AR variant genotypes has a strong association with increased glucose levels, and might be a significant risk factor for hyperglycemia among Korean subjects.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.121-126
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• 2006

Major milk proteins have considerable variane which comes from substitution and deletions in their amino arid sequences. Variants in genes that code for milk proteins, such as ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin (${\beta}-LG$) have been established as genetic markers for milk production and milk protein composition in dairy cattle. The effect of ${\beta}-LG$ variant on milk production traits, such as milk yield. fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage and protein percentage, was estimated for 482 Holstein cows in the first lactation. The ${\beta}-LG$ variants were determined by PCR-RFLP technique at the DNA level. Single trait linear model was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Results of this study indicated that ${\beta}-LG$ variants affected significantly protein yield (p<0.05) and fat percentage (p<0.05). Animals with the AA variant produced 31kg of milk protein more than animals with the BB variant. On the contrary, cows with the BB variant had fat percentage higher by 0.35 and 0.32% compared with cows with the AA and AB variants, respectively. No associations between the ${\beta}-LG$ variants and milk yield, protein percentage and fat yield were found Therefore, milk production traits could be improved through ${\beta}-LG$ typing by increasing the frequency of A variant for protein yield or the frequency of B variant for fat content in Holstein dairy cattle population.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.1999-2002
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• 2012

Background: DNA polymerase is a single-copy gene that is considered to be part of the DNA repair machinery in mammalian cells. The encoded enzyme is a key to the base excision repair (BER) pathway. It is evident that pol beta has mutations in various cancer samples, but little is known about ovarian cancer. Aim: Identification of any variant form of $pol{\beta}$ cDNA in ovarian carcinoma and determination of association between the polymorphism and ovarian cancer risk in Indian patients. We used 152 samples to isolate and perform RT-PCR and sequencing. Results: A variant of polymerase beta (deletion of exon 4-6 and 11-13, comprising of amino acid 63-123, and 208-304) is detected in heterozygous condition. The product size of this variant is 532 bp while wild type pol beta is 1 kb. Our study of association between the variant and the endometrioid type shows that it is a statistically significant factor for ovarian cancer [OR=31.9 (4.12-246.25) with p<0.001]. The association between variant and stage IV patients further indicated risk (${\chi}^2$ value of 29.7, and OR value 6.77 with 95% CI values 3.3-13.86). The correlation study also confirms the association data (Pearson correlation values for variant/stage IV and variant/endometrioid of 0.44 and 0.39). Conclusion: Individuals from this part of India with this type of variant may be at risk of stage IV, endometrioid type ovarian carcinoma.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.187-194
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• 1995

Genetic variants of ${\alpha}s_1$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein, ${\kappa}$-casein and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin were investigated by starch urea gel electrophoresis in milk samples of 280 Korean native cattle. A new ${\beta}$-casein variant, designated ${\beta}$-casein $A^4$, was found in milk samples of Korean native cattle. It has a much slower electrophoretic mobility than the ${\beta}$-casein $A^3$ variant in acid gel. This new variant appeared together with either ${\beta}$-casein $A^1$, $A^2$ or B variant. Gene frequencies and genotypic frequencies were estimated. Gene frequencies of four milk protein loci in Korean native cattle were compared with those of imported cattle breeds raised in Korea and Japanese brown cattle. Gene frequencies were ${\alpha}s_1$-casein B .846, ${\alpha}s_1$-casein C .154; ${\beta}$-casein $A^1$ .216, ${\beta}$-casein $A^2$ .666, ${\beta}$-casein $A^4$ .048, ${\beta}$-casein B .070; ${\kappa}$-casein A .648, ${\kappa}$-casein B .352; ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin A .148, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin B .852. The population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at all milk protein loci. Gene frequencies of Korean native cattle were very similar to those of Japanese brown cattle. Interestingly, a new variant, ${\beta}$-casein $A^4$, was found only in Korean native cattle and Japanese brown cattle. These results support the hypothesis that Korean native cattle were used in the development of the Japanese brown cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.311-317
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• 1998

A total of 1033 Brown Swiss and 610 Canadienne cows were phenotyped for the genetic variants ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein, ${\kappa}$-casein, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin. In Brown Swiss, frequency distributions were: 97.3% B and 2.7% C variant of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein; 31.6% $A^1$, 51.8% $A^2$, 0.5% $A^3$ and 16.1% B variant of ${\beta}$-casein; 70.4% A, 29.3% B, and 0.3% C variant of ${\kappa}$-casein; 41.7% A and 58.3% B variant of ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin; and 100% B variant of ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin. Corresponding frequencies in Canadienne for those five milk proteins were: 98.6 and 1.4%;58.5, 33.5, 0.08 and 7.9%; 78.8, 21.1 and 0.1%, 42.4 and 57.6%; and 100%. Analysis of variance by least squares showed possible association between milk protein phenotypes and some lactational production traits. There were no significant association of phenotypes of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin with milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage and protein percentage in both breeds during the three lactations. In the Brown Swiss, ${\kappa}$-casein phenotype was associated with 305-day fat yield and protein yield during the first lactation. ${\kappa}$-Casein AB was associated with higher milk, fat and protein yield during the second lactation. During the third lactation, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin AA in Canadienne cows was associated with higher protein content in the milk (3.70%) when compared to phenotypes AB (3.54%) and BB (3.64%).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8177-8186
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• 2016

The present study was aimed at determining the effects of alkylating and oxidative stress inducing agents on a newly identified variant of DNA polymerase beta ($pol{\beta}{\Delta}_{208-304}$) specific for ovarian cancer. $Pol{\beta}{\Delta}_{208-304}$ has a deletion of exons 11-13 which lie in the catalytic part of enzyme. We compared the effect of these chemicals on HeLa cells and HeLa cells stably transfected with this variant cloned into in pcDNAI/neo vector by MTT, colony forming and apoptosis assays. $Pol{\beta}{\Delta}_{208-304}$ cells exhibited greater sensitivity to an alkylating agent and less sensitivity towards $H_2O_2$ and UV when compared with HeLa cells alone. It has been shown that cell death in $Pol{\beta}{\Delta}_{208-304}$ transfected HeLa cells is mediated by the caspase 9 cascade. Exon 11 has nucleotidyl selection activity, while exons 12 and 13 have dNTP selection activity. Hence deletion of this part may affect polymerizing activity although single strand binding and double strand binding activity may remain same. The lack of this part may adversely affect catalytic activity of DNA polymerase beta so that the variant may act as a dominant negative mutant. This would represent clinical significance if translated into a clinical setting because resistance to radiation or chemotherapy during the relapse of the disease could be potentially overcome by this approach.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.553-559
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• 2014

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that represents the most common form of dementia among the elderly population. The deposition of aggregated ${\beta}$-amyloid ($A{\beta}$) senile plaques in the human brain is a classic observation in the neuropathology of AD, yet an understanding of the mechanism of their formation remains elusive. $A{\beta}$ is formed through endoproteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by ${\beta}$-secretase (BACE1, ${\beta}$-site APP-cleaving enzyme) and ${\gamma}$-secretase. In this study, BACE1 protein was successfully over-expressed, purified, and refolded and utilized in a binding study with hispidin. We developed a simpler refolding method using a urea gradient and size-exclusion gel filtration to purify an active BACE1 protein variant, in larger quantities than that reported previously, and measured the binding affinity of hispidin to the BACE1 protein variant through isothermal titration calorimetry.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8239-8245
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• 2016

The p53 gene is inactivated by the human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 protein in the majority of cervical cancers. Treatment of HeLa S3 cells with siRNA for HPV E6 permitted adenovirus-mediated transduction of a p53 gene linked to an upstream estrogen response element (ERE). Our previous study in non-siRNA treated HHUA cells, which are derived from an endometrial cancer and express estrogen receptor ${\beta}$, showed enhancing effects of an upstream ERE on adenovirus-mediated p53 gene transduction. In HeLa S3 cells treated with siRNA for HPV E6, adenovirus-mediated transduction was enhanced by an upstream ERE linked to a p53 gene carrying a proline variant at codon 72, but not for a p53 gene with arginine variant at codon 72. Expression levels of p53 mRNA and Coxsackie/adenovirus receptor (CAR) mRNA after adenovirus-mediated transfer of an ERE-linked p53 gene (proline variant at codon 72) were higher compared with those after non-ERE-linked p53 gene transfer in siRNA-treated HeLa S3 cells. Western blot analysis showed lower ${\beta}$-tubulin levels and comparatively higher p53/${\beta}$-tubulin or CAR/${\beta}$-tubulin ratios in siRNA-treated HeLa S3 cells after adenovirus-mediated ERE-linked p53 gene (proline variant at codon 72) transfer compared with those in non-siRNA-treated cells. Apoptosis, as measured by annexin V binding, was higher after adenovirus-mediated ERE-linked p53 gene (proline variant at codon 72) transfer compared with that after non-ERE-linked p53 gene transfer in siRNA-treated cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1587-1594
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• 2023

Since its first report in 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a grave threat to public health. Virus-specific countermeasures, such as vaccines and therapeutics, have been developed and have contributed to the control of the viral pandemic, which has become endemic. Nonetheless, new variants continue to emerge and could cause a new pandemic. Consequently, it is important to comprehensively understand viral evolution and the roles of mutations in viral infectivity and transmission. SARS-CoV-2 beta variant encode mutations (D614G, N501Y, E484K, and K417N) in the spike which are frequently found in other variants as well. While their individual role in viral infectivity has been elucidated against various therapeutic antibodies, it still remains unclear whether those mutations may act additively or synergistically when combined. Here, we report that N501Y mutation shows differential effect on two therapeutic antibodies tested. Interestingly, the relative importance of E484K and K417N mutations in antibody evasion varies depending on the antibody type. Collectively, these findings suggest that continuous efforts to develop effective antibody therapeutics and combinatorial treatment with multiple antibodies are more rational and effective forms of treatment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.161-166
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• 1970

One male in the former group of 2110 Korean males of the Republic of Korea Army stationed Taegu. And two males and one female in the later group of 4590 Korean school children and university students in Seoul and Taejuon were found to have a slow hemoglobin in addition to normal hemoglobin A. In all four subjects the slow component migrated at a rate characteristic of the G hemoglobin. The overall incidence of the variant in the present group of Koreans was low: 4 in 6700 or 0.06 percent. It appears significant that no insistence of hemoglobin E were found among these Korean subjects. Hemoglobin E has been found among numerous ethnic groups of Southeast Asia and the variant most frequently appeared in Chinese subject. By Urea-Starch-Gel Electrophoresis in Alkaline PH and A.I. Chernoff method was demonstrated that another 3 cases of abnormal hemoglobin also were beta-chain variants. This was reconfirmed by Hybridization Experiment with canine hemoglobin. And the results of family test of 3 case of abnormal hemoglobin were heterozygous carrier.