• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 2011

Purpose : To test whether the expression of ${\beta}$-catenin, a component of podocyte as a filtration molecule, would be altered by puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) in the cultured podocyte in vitro. Methods : We cultured rat glomerular epithelial cells (GEpC) with various concentrations of PAN and examined the distribution of ${\beta}$-catenin by confocal microscope and measured the change of ${\beta}$-catenin expression by Western blotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results :We found that ${\beta}$-catenin relocalized from peripheral cytoplasm to inner cytoplasm, therefore, intercellular separations were seen in confluently cultured cells by high concentrations of PAN in immunofluorescence views. In Western blotting of GEpC, PAN ($50{\mu}g/mL$) decreased ${\beta}$-catenin expression by 34.9% at 24 hrs and 34.3% at 48 hrs, compared to those in without PAN condition (P<0.05). In RT-PCR, high concentrations ($50{\mu}g/mL$) of PAN also decreased ${\beta}$-catenin mRNA expression similar to protein suppression by 25.4% at 24 hrs and 51.8% at 48 hrs (P<0.05). Conclusion : Exposure of podocytes to PAN in vitro relocates ${\beta}$-catenin internally and reduces ${\beta}$-catenin mRNA and protein expression, which could explain the development of proteinuria in experimental PAN-induced nephropathy.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.776-782
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• 2005

The effects of purification using ${\alpha}-amlyase$ (Termamyl 120L) on physicochemical properties of ${\beta}-glucan$ from oat bran were studied. Four fractions were selected as fraction A ($55^{\circ}C$, 15%, pH 6), fraction B ($45^{\circ}C$, 15%, pH 6), fraction C ($50^{\circ}C$, 0%, pH 7), and fraction D ($50^{\circ}C$, 10%, pH 5) from the result of physiological test, and three consecutive subfractions were obtained by repeated ${\alpha}-amlyase$ treatments on the each fractions. The contents of ${\beta}-glucan$, protein, and ash after purification were in 81.4-88.2%, 4.1-6.3% and 2.6-6.2%, respectively. The apparent viscosities of purified ${\beta}-glucan$ aqueous solutions were similar to those of hydroxy methyl cellulose. Glucose was a major monosaccharide of ${\beta}-glucan$ extracts, and xylose and arabinose were also detected as minor constituents on TLC. The average molecular weight ranged $2.0{\times}10^6-5.1{\times}10^6$ and was decreased after purification. From the result of the differential scanning calorimetry, the melting point ranged $130-140^{\circ}C$ with purification step and thermal transition enthalpy was increased. The ratio of ${\beta}-(1{\rightarrow}3)\;to\;{\beta}-(1{\rightarrow}4) $ linkages were 1:2.22-1:2.52, and increased up to 1:5.50 after purification.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.87-93
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• 2007

It is complicate to analysis the systems, dual mode hybrid systems, because they are composed of many planetary gear sets. For the performance test, it needs to define the systems with representative parameters. In this paper, system parameters, $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\zeta$, are introduced to define the systems, and an arbitrary system like E-IVT developed by Renault Motors is converted to the general system having equivalent parameters, such as $\beta'$, $R'_b$. Pontryagin principle and Kuhn-Tucker condition method are applied to solve the constrained problems, by which the methodology for accelerating test is generalized, and the results of the simulation are reported. In addition, the effects of alternative strategies are mentioned. The method of fuel economy test at engine mode is also introduced. The results of test at engine mode is different from the results of optimal trajectory, but the fuel economy of the engine mode is related to the highway driving and optimized operating of the system.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.265-270
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• 1993

The German cockroach(Blattelia germanica) population~ were successIVely selected with ch\orpyrifos and permethrin during the six generations. The resulting resistant $R_{chtorpenfos}$(Rc) and $R_{permethnn}$(Rp) stra.ins were studied to investigate the esterase activity by spectrophotometer, filter parper test, and electrophoresis. Esterase-$\alpha$ activities by filter paper test showed 2.65 and LBZ times higher in the Rc and Rp strains than the susceptible strain, respectively. ln the spectrophoLometer method, the esterase activit18s to $\alpha$-and $\beta$-naphthyl acetate were increased 2.34 and 5.28 times in the Rc than susceptible strain, and 1.48 and 2.92 times in the Rp Limn susceptible stram, respectlvely. Zymogram patterns of eslerase isozyme by agarose gel electrophoresis showed totally five bands. The Rc and Rp strains showed two additive bands as, Est-2 and Est-3, which were not shown in the susceptible strain. but the Rp strain dId not show Est-5 bands which was COlumon in the Rc and susceptible strams.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.79-93
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• 1999

The common accelerated life test(ALT) consists of test methods applying a constant stress, higher than the use condition stress, to items. There we, however, situations for which a progressive stress ALT, in which the stress on a test item is continuously increased with time, Is more convenient to perform testing and simpler in analyzing data than a constant stress ALT. When a product under constant stress s follows a Weibull distribution with parameters $\theta$(5) and $\beta$, maximum likelihood(ML) estimators of parameters involved in the model are obtained and their asymptotic distributions are derived under stress bounded ramp tests in which the stress is increased linearly from use condition stress to the stress upper bound. The optimum test plans are also found which minimize the asymptotic variance of the ML estimator of the log mean life at design constant stress. For selected values of the design parameters, tables useful for finding optimal test plans are given. The effect of the pre-estimates of design parameters is studied.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.556-564
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• 2007

Purpose : We hypothesized that the persisting bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) of adolescents with asthma remission may be controlled mainly by genetic factors, and the BHR of symptomatic asthma by airway inflammation. ${\beta}_2$-adrenoceptor gene is considered to be a candidate gene in the development of BHR. Thus, ${\beta}_2$-adrenoceptor gene polymorphism may be associated with the BHR of adolescents with asthma remission, but not with the BHR of symptomatic asthma. To evaluate this hypothesis, ${\beta}_2$-adrenoceptor gene polymorphism at 2 sites (Arg16-Gly, Gln27-Glu) were examined. Methods : Two hundred two adolescents with BHR ($PC_{20}<18\;mg/mL$) and long term remission (neither asthma-related symptoms nor medication during the previous 2 years) of their asthma (remission group), 182 adolescents with symptomatic asthma (symptomatic group), and 200 healthy adolescents (control group) were studied. Asthma phenotypes were determined using methacholine bronchial provocation test and skin prick test. Genotypes of ${\beta}_2$-adrenoceptor polymorphism were evaluated by PCR-based methods. Results : Gly/Gly allele and Gly16-Gln27 haplotype were more prevalent in the remission group than in the control group (P=0.01, P=0.02), although there was no difference between the symptomatic group and the control group. In the remission group, there was significant difference in geometric mean of $PC_{20}$ among the 3 groups subdivided by the number of Gly16-Gln27 haplotype, showing that the Gly16-Gln27 haplotype was positively associated with BHR. However, no association was found between Gly16-Gln27 haplotype and BHR in the symptomatic group. Conclusion : This study demonstrates that ${\beta}_2$-adrenoceptor polymorphism at amino acid 16 and 27 was associated with BHR persisting in adolescents with asthma remission.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.257-266
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• 2003

Distribution-free estimation methods are proposed for slope, $\beta$ in the simple linear regression model. In this paper, we suggest the point estimators using the sequential slope based on sign test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Also confidence intervals are presented for each estimation methods. Monte Carlo simulation study is carried out to compare the efficiency of these methods with least square method and Theil´s method. Some properties for the proposed methods are discussed.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.285-289
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• 1989

Pontential mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of four steroidal saponins from Smilax china rhizomes were investigated. These saponins did not revealed mutagneicity in the Ames and SOS umu test. For antimutagenic activity by SOS umu test, two spirostanol glycosides, dioscin and gracillin, inhibited the activity of ${\beta}-galactosidase$ induced by AF-2, but their proto-type furostanol glycosides did not show this activity.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.270-276
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• 1999

Background: Extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamases(ESBL) are enzymes that confer resistance to oxyimino-${\beta}$-lactams as well as to penicillins and cephalosporins. Strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli that produce ESBL have been increasingly prevalent in many countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ESBL production rate of K. pneumoniae and E. coli at the in Yeungnam University Medical Center. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one isolates of K pneumoniae and twenty-five isolates of E. coli were examined for ESBL by double disk synergy test, using 20/$10{\mu}g$ ticarcillin/clavulanic acid and $30{\mu}g$ oxyimino-${\beta}$-lactam(ceftazidime, ceftaxime, ceftriaxone and aztreonam) disks. Results: Fifty-two percent of K. pneumoniae and sixteen percent of E. coli isolates revealed double disk synergism. Majority of ESBL-producing strains(fifty-five percent) were isolated from patients in the intensive care unit. Conclusion: ESBL production of K. pneumoniae and E. coli were also common at the Yeungnam University Medical Center and pose a serious problem for antimicrobial therapy.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• v.33 no.53
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• pp.298.1-298.10
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• 2018

Background: The renal function of individuals is one of the reasons for the variations in therapeutic response to various drugs. Patients with renal impairment are often exposed to drug toxicity, even with drugs that are usually eliminated by hepatic metabolism. Previous study has reported an increased plasma concentration of indoxyl sulfate and decreased plasma concentration of $4{\beta}$-hydroxy (OH)-cholesterol in stable kidney transplant recipients, implicating indoxyl sulfate as a cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibiting factor. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of renal impairment severity-dependent accumulation of indoxyl sulfate on hepatic CYP3A activity using metabolic markers. Methods: Sixty-six subjects were enrolled in this study; based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), they were classified as having mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment. The plasma concentration of indoxyl sulfate was quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Urinary and plasma markers ($6{\beta}$-OH-cortisol/cortisol, $6{\beta}$-OH-cortisone/cortisone, $4{\beta}$-OH-cholesterol) for hepatic CYP3A activity were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total plasma concentration of cholesterol was measured using the enzymatic colorimetric assay to calculate the $4{\beta}$-OH-cholesterol/cholesterol ratio. The correlation between variables was assessed using Pearson's correlation test. Results: There was a significant negative correlation between MDRD eGFR and indoxyl sulfate levels. The levels of urinary $6{\beta}$-OH-cortisol/cortisol and $6{\beta}$-OH-cortisone/cortisone as well as plasma $4{\beta}$-OH-cholesterol and $4{\beta}$-OH-cholesterol/cholesterol were not correlated with MDRD eGFR and the plasma concentration of indoxyl sulfate. Conclusion: Hepatic CYP3A activity may not be affected by renal impairment-induced accumulation of plasma indoxyl sulfate.