• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 2011

Background: Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy has been performed with increasing frequency over the last decade. However, there is still controversy as to its indications, safety, and feasibility. Especially regarding lung cancer surgery, it is not certain whether it can reduce local recurrences and improve overall survival. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1,067 cases of VATS lobectomy performed between 2003 and 2009, including the indications, postoperative morbidity, mortality, recurrence, and survival rate. Results: One thousand and sixty seven patients underwent VATS lobectomy for the following indications: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (n=832), carcinoid tumors (n=12), metastatic lung cancer (n=48), and benign or other diseases (n=175). There were 63 cases (5.9%) of conversion to open thoracotomy during VATS lobectomy. One hundred thirty one (15.7%) of the 832 NSCLC patients experienced pathologic upstaging postoperatively. The hospital mortality rate was 0.84% (9 patients), and all of them died of acute respiratory distress syndrome. One hundred forty-nine patients (14.0%) experienced postoperative complications. The median follow-up was 22.9 months for patients with NSCLC. During follow-up, 120 patients had a recurrence and 55 patients died. For patients with pathologic stage I, the overall survival rate and disease-free survival rate at 3 years was $92.2{\pm}1.5%$ and $86.2{\pm}1.9%$, respectively. For patients with pathologic stage II disease, the overall survival rate and disease-free survival rate at 3 years was $79.2{\pm}6.5%$ and $61.9{\pm}6.6%$, respectively. Conclusion: Our results suggest that VATS lobectomy is a technically feasible and safe operation, which can be applied to various lung diseases. In patients with early-stage lung cancer, excellent survival can be also achieved.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2000

Doxazosin, a postsynaptic selective ${\alpha}1-adrenoceptor$ antagonist, is a potent antihypertensive agent which reduces peripheral resistance and blood pressure by vasodilatation of peripheral vessels. It is also used in the treatment of urinary obstruction by benign prostatic hypertrophy. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two doxazosin tablets, $Cardura^{TM}$ (Pfizer Korea Ltd.) and $Cardil^{TM};$ (Kyungdong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Sixteen normal male volunteers, $24.19{\pm}2.48$ years in age and $62.41{\pm}6.66$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 2 mg of doxazosin was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of doxazosin in serum were determined with an HPLC method using spectrofluorometric detector. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two tablets were -1.54%, -1.51 % and 3.42%, respectively, when calculated against the $Cardura^{TM}$ tablet. The powers $(1-{\beta})$ for $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were all more than 99.00%. Minimum detectable differences $(\Delta)$ at ${\alpha}=0.05\;and\;1-{\beta}=0.8$ were all less than 20% (e.g., 12.73%, 12.84% and 13.01% for $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively). The 90% confidence intervals were all within :${\pm}20%$ (e.g., $-8.97{\sim}5.90,\;-9.01{\sim}6.00\;and\;-4.16{\sim}11.05\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max},\;respectively)$. All of the above para- meters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that $Cardil^{TM}$ tablet is bioequivalent to $Cardura^{TM}$ tablet.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2018

Network threats such as Internet worms and computer viruses have been significantly increasing. In particular, APTs(Advanced Persistent Threats) and ransomwares become clever and complex. IDSes(Intrusion Detection Systems) have performed a key role as information security solutions during last few decades. To use an IDS effectively, IDS rules must be written properly. An IDS rule includes a key signature and is incorporated into an IDS. If so, the network threat containing the signature can be detected by the IDS while it is passing through the IDS. However, it is challenging to find a key signature for a specific network threat. We first need to analyze a network threat rigorously, and write a proper IDS rule based on the analysis result. If we use a signature that is common to benign and/or normal network traffic, we will observe a lot of false alarms. In this paper, we propose a scheme that analyzes a network threat and extracts key signatures corresponding to the threat. Specifically, our proposed scheme quantifies the degree of correspondence between a network threat and a signature using the LDA(Latent Dirichlet Allocation) algorithm. Obviously, a signature that has significant correspondence to the network threat can be utilized as an IDS rule for detection of the threat.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.228-235
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• 1998

Objectives: Papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid was evaluated as to the effectiveness of diagnostic modalities, lymphatic spread pattern, and therapeutic decision according to tumor size. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a clinicopathologic findings of 72 papillary microcarcinoma patients who were treated at the over 11 years between 1985 and 1995. The authors divided papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid into two subgroups according to tumor size: $0{\leqq}5mm$ and $5<0{\leqq}10mm$. An analysis including age and gender distribution, diagnostic tools(thyroid sonogram, thyroid scan, thyroid function test, fine needle aspiration cytology, frozen section), pathological examination of lymphnode, and surgical procedures was carried out in each subgroups. Results: The carcinoma of smaller than 5mm were found in 32 patients, and of 6 -10mm were in 40 patients. The average age of patients was 45years and all of them were female. Cold nodules on thyroid scan were noticed in 53 patientss and normal findings were in 15 patients. Suspicious malignant lesions(fine calcification, solid mass, irregular margin) on thyroid sonography were detected in 23 patients and the sonography was more useful in detecting $0{\leqq}5mm$ small sized lesions than other diagnostic methods. FNAC were performed in 17 patients, and 7 patients were diagnosed as having thyroid papillary cancer. But diagnotic rate in $0{\leqq}5mm$ small sized lesions was very low(one of eights).Frozen section were performed in all patients, among these 15 patients were diagnosed as being benign diseases and false negative rates were higher in $0{\leqq}5mm$ small sized lesions than in $5<0{\leqq}10mm$ sized lesions(p-value<0.006). Only thyroidectomies were performed in 24 patients and thyroidectomy with node dissections in 48 patients. The lymphnode metastatic rates were much higher in multifocal lesions(61.5%) than in single lesion. The incidence of cervical lymphnode metastasis was 19.4% in $0{\leqq}5mm$ sized lesions and 47.9% in $5<0{\leqq}10mm$ sized lesions. Postoperative management were performed with TSH suppression therapy(T4, synthroid) in all patients and RI therapy in 29 patients. Conclusion: On the basis of our study, improved preoperative diagnostic tools for papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid was helpful in the choice of surgical treatment. As a result of techninological progress(ultrasonography, FNAC), the pencentage of the discovery of papillary microcarcinoma has been increased. The thyroid ultrasonography was useful in detecting small sized lesions($0{\leqq}5mm$), but FNAC may not be beneficial in detecting small sized lesions($0{\leqq}5mm$). In the surgical procedure, thyroid lobectomy alone should be avoided because of the high rate of bilaterality and multifocality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 2011

Background and Objectives: Vocal polyps arc one of the most frequent benign laryngeal diseases. They arc usually found at the midpoint of the vocal fold. They are mainly caused by vocal overuse. Vocal polyps arc usually removed surgically. Generally, age-related changes to speech are attributed to change in anatomy and physiology of the speech mechanism. These changes result in increased variability in the acoustic properties of speech with age. Still, not 'all studies of age-related changes in speech have taken differences between the young group and adult group after laryngeal microsurgery into account. The aim of this investigation was to compare improvement of acoustic analysis in young patients and elderly patients with vocal polyps, before and after the laryngeal microsurgery. Materials and Method: One hundred and twenty-eight patients who underwent laryngeal microsurgery for vocal polyps from 2008 through 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. 105 of the 128 patients under age 60 were classified as adult group (AG), and remaining 23 patients as elderly group (EG). The speech of AG and EG were evaluated before and after surgery for identification of differences for age group across measures of fundamental frequency (F0), Jitter, Shimmer and Maximum phonation time (MPT). Results: There were not significant differences between two groups for improvement of F0, Jitter, Shimmer, NHR, and MPT before and after surgery. The findings suggest that elderly group compares quite well with adult group in effectiveness of surgery. However, comparison between elderly group and young group (Age under 40) there was significant difference of improvement in Jitter and Shimmer. Conclusion: In general, the results of the present research showed significant improvement in vocal quality after phonosurgery of vocal polyp in both elderly and adult group. However, comparison of improvement between elderly group and young group, there were significant differences of improvement in jitter and shimmer. Therefore, in treatment planning of elderly group, we should consider age related changes of vocal cord.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2009

Lichen planus is a relatively common chronic inflammatory disease involving the skin and mucous membranes showing small flat polygonal papules. The accurate etiology is unknown but it's suggested that cell-mediated immune response to an induced antigenic changes in skin or mucosa. Oral lichen planus was regarded as an benign lesion but oral lichen planus was classified as premalignant lesion by WHO criteria. It was not known that progress of malignat transmmission in the the patient with oral lichen planus, and chronic inflammatory disease including oral lichen planus showed malignacy in oral cancer unrelated common risk factors(Ex: tabacco, alcohol). Although malignant development in the patient with oral liche planus was various greatly in the literature, from 0.5% upward to 5%. It has been reported that a specific clinical type of oral lichen planus, hyperkeratotic or erosive had a higher chance of transformation into an squamous carcinoma. Clinician has to follow-up check of at least one or two visit per year to detect of malignancy of oral lichen planus and improved prognosis with squamous cell carcinoma. At this case with the middle aged women with squamous cell carcinoma developed from oral lichen planus of more than a decade of persisting, we try to discuss the malignacy of oral lichen planus and cosideration with follow-up.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.468-473
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• 2001

Castleman's disease or angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia, is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder. It may be appear as a local or generalized tumor-like condition, usually in chest or abdomen and may involve both lymph nodes and non-nodal tissues. Castleman's disease is an unusal entity which may at times mimic malignancy but is entirely benign in nature. It is topical as it has been noted to occur with AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma. Careful interpretation of radiogram may help to distinguish Castleman's disease from other tumor condition, such as lymphoma, neurogenic tumor, or even angiofibroma, etc. But exact diagnosis must be made on the basis of histologic confirmation. In addition to histologic features, clinical distinction between the localized and multicentric form is important in selecting appropriate management. Surgical excision of an localized mass is the first choice of treatment. Partial resection, radiotherapy or observation alone may avoid the need for exessively aggressive therapy. Patients with multicentric disease don't benefit by surgical management because of systemic manifestation and rapid deterioration. Thus, antineoplastic agents and steroids may offer an alternative form of therapy. We report a case of female patient with Castleman's disease in oral and maxillofacial region, treated by surgical excision with good results.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.176-183
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• 2011

Introduction: Very high aggressiveness and recurrence are important clinical characteristics of ameloblastoma compared to the other benign tumors. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan is important. This study examined the association of the clinical findings and recurrence based on the radiological findings of ameloblastoma. In recurrent cases, these results are expected to help in the diagnosis and treatment of ameloblastoma to examine the relevance with the clinical characteristics and radiological features. Materials and Methods: For a clinical (gender, age) and radiological (location, internal pattern, size, perforation, border pattern, impacted tooth, root resorption) evaluation, this study examined 156 cases of 147 patients diagnosed with ameloblastoma, who had been treated and in most cases regularly checked at the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, between January 1993 and December 2009. For a recurrent rate evaluation, a more than 3 years follow-up period is needed. Accordingly, 116 patients diagnosed with ameloblastoma between January 1994 and December 2007 were investigated. Results: The recurrence rate in all cases was 6.1% but was 7.8% in cases with follow-up periods more than 3 years. The male-to-female ratio was 3:2, showing a slight male predilection. Ameloblastoma had a peak occurrence in the second decade of life followed by the fourth decade of life. The mandibular angle area is the most frequent site of ameloblastoma (50.8%) in the jaws. Six cases of unilocular (7.8%) and 3 cases of multilocular (7.7%) ameloblastomas recurred. Seven cases of smooth (10%) and 2 cases of irregular (4.3%) ameloblastomas recurred. No cases of ameloblastomas without perforation of the cortical bone (0%) and 9 cases with a perforation of cortical bone (11.1%) recurred. Four cases of the ameloblastomas with impacted teeth (11.4%) and 5 cases of ameloblastomas without impacted tooth (6.2%) recurred. Seven cases of ameloblastomas with root resorption (10.9%) and 2 cases of ameloblastomas without root resorption (3.8%) recurred. Conclusion: A multiple smooth margin, unilocular ameloblastoma with an impacted tooth, root resorption tends to recur more easily. Therefore, they need to be treated more carefully and require a a longer follow-up.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.200-206
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• 2005

Cemento-ossifying fibroma of the jaws is well circumscribed, generally slow-growing, benign lesions which enlarge in an expansile manner. Clinically it presents as a slowly enlarging lesion commonly in the premolar-molar area of the mandible and only occasionally in the maxilla and other locations. It occurs twice as often in females and primarily in the 20 to 30 year age group. Differential diagnosis should be peformed, preferably with other fibro-osseous lesions such as fibrous dysplasia. A faster growing and more destructive variant of cemento-ossifying fibroma sometimes occurs in patients under age 15 and is termed juvenile (aggressive) ossifying fibroma. Treatment is surgical removal with the extent depending on the size and location of the individual lesion. Recurrence is considered rare. A case involving a 12-year-old male patient with delayed eruption of right mandibular canine is discussed. Following an incisional biopsy, the histopathologic diagnosis established was cemento-ossifying fibroma. After the surgical enucleation of the lesion, no sign of recurrence was detected.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.313-317
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• 2008

Lipoma is a common neoplasm in soft tissues. However, an intrapulmonary lipoma is a rare benign tumor. Patients with a bronchial lipoma might have a malignant potential related to their smoking history due to the case reports of lung cancer accompanied with lipoma. Endobronchial lipoma can cause irreversible parenchymal lung damage if not diagnosed and treated early. Therefore, it should initially be treated by fiberoptic bronchoscopy or surgery depending on the status of distal parenchymal lung damage. Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is a pathological syndrome that is defined by the presence of buds of granulation tissue consisting of fibroblasts and collagen within the lumen of the distal air spaces. BOOP is caused by drug intoxication, connective tissue disease, infection, obstructive pneumonia, tumors, or an unknown etiology. We encountered a 58 year-old male patient with endobronchial lipoma, causing the collapse of the right middle and lower lobes, and BOOP due to obstructive pneumonia.