• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제10권4_5호
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• pp.353-373
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• 2012

The instrumented Canton Tower is a 610 m high-rise structure, which has been considered as a benchmark problem for structural health monitoring (SHM) research. In this paper, an improved automatic modal identification method is presented based on a natural excitation technique in conjunction with the eigensystem realization algorithm (NExT/ERA). In the proposed modal identification method, damping ratio, consistent mode indicator from observability matrices (CMI_O) and modal amplitude coherence (MAC) are used as criteria to distinguish the physically true modes from spurious modes. Enhanced frequency domain decomposition (EFDD), the data-driven stochastic subspace identification method (SSI-DATA) and the proposed method are respectively applied to extract the modal parameters of the Canton Tower under different environmental conditions. Results of modal parameter identification based on output-only measurements are presented and discussed. User-selected parameters used in those methods are suggested and discussed. Furthermore, the effect of environmental conditions on the dynamic characteristics of Canton tower is investigated.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제10권4_5호
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• pp.331-351
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• 2012

In this study an output-only system identification technique for civil structures under ambient vibrations is carried out, mainly focused on using the Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI) based algorithms. A newly developed signal processing technique, called Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), capable to smooth a noisy signal, is adopted for preprocessing the measurement data. An SSA-based SSI algorithm with the aim of finding accurate and true modal parameters is developed through stabilization diagram which is constructed by plotting the identified system poles with increasing the size of data matrix. First, comparative study between different approaches, with and without using SSA to pre-process the data, on determining the model order and selecting the true system poles is examined in this study through numerical simulation. Finally, application of the proposed system identification task to the real large scale structure: Canton Tower, a benchmark problem for structural health monitoring of high-rise slender structures, using SSA-based SSI algorithm is carried out to extract the dynamic characteristics of the tower from output-only measurements.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.295-306
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• 2019

Shanghai Tower is a 632-meter super high-rise building located in an area with wind and active earthquake. A sophisticated structural health monitoring (SHM) system consisting of more than 400 sensors has been built to carry out a long-term monitoring for its operational safety. In this paper, a reduced-order model including 31 elements was generated from a full model of this super tall building. An iterative regularized matrix method was proposed to tune the system parameters, making the dynamic characteristic of the reduced-order model be consistent with those in the full model. The updating reduced-order model can be regarded as a benchmark model for further analysis. A long-term monitoring for structural dynamic characteristics of Shanghai Tower under different construction stages was also investigated. The identified results, including natural frequency and damping ratio, were discussed. Based on the data collected from the SHM system, the dynamic characteristics of the whole structure was investigated. Compared with the result of the finite element model, a good agreement can be observed. The result provides a valuable reference for examining the evolution of future dynamic characteristics of this super tall building.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.133-152
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• 2011

System identification is a fundamental step towards the application of structural health monitoring and damage detection techniques. On this respect, the development of evolved identification strategies is a priority for obtaining reliable and repeatable baseline modal parameters of an undamaged structure to be adopted as references for future structural health assessments. The paper presents the identification of the modal parameters of the Guangzhou New Television Tower, China, using a data-driven stochastic subspace identification (SSI-data) approach complemented with an appropriate automatic mode selection strategy which proved to be successful in previous literature studies. This well-known approach is based on a clustering technique which is adopted to discriminate structural modes from spurious noise ones. The method is applied to the acceleration measurements made available within the task I of the ANCRiSST benchmark problem, which cover 24 hours of continuous monitoring of the structural response under ambient excitation. These records are then subdivided into a convenient number of data sets and the variability of modal parameter estimates with ambient temperature and mean wind velocity are pointed out. Both 10 minutes and 1 hour long records are considered for this purpose. A comparison with finite element model predictions is finally carried out, using the structural matrices provided within the benchmark, in order to check that all the structural modes contained in the considered frequency interval are effectively identified via SSI-data.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제71권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

This study investigates optimum designs of steel space truss towers under seismic loading by using Jaya optimization algorithm. Turkish Earthquake Code (2007) specifications are applied on optimum designs of steel space truss towers under the seismic loading for different local site classes depending on different soil groups. The proposed novel algorithm does not have any algorithm-specific control parameters and depends only a simple revision equation. Therefore, it provides a practical solution for structural optimization problems. Optimum solutions of the different steel truss examples are carried out by selecting suitable W sections taken from American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). In order to obtain optimum solutions, a computer program is coded in MATLAB in corporated with SAP2000-OAPI (Open Application Programming Interface). The stress and displacement constraints are applied on the design problems according to AISC-ASD (Allowable Stress Design) specifications. Firstly, a benchmark truss problem is examined to see the efficiency of Jaya optimization algorithm. Then, two different multi-element truss towers previously solved with other methods without seismic loading in literature are designed by the proposed algorithm. The first space tower is a 582-member space truss with the height of 80 m and the second space tower is a 942-member space truss of about 95 m height. The minimum optimum designs obtained with this novel algorithm for the case without seismic loading are lighter than the ones previously attained in the literature studies. The results obtained in the study show that Jaya algorithm is a practical and robust optimization method for structural optimization problems. Moreover, incorporation of the seismic loading causes significant increase in the minimum design weight.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제81권5호
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• pp.647-664
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• 2022

The powerful data mapping capability of computational deep learning methods has been recently explored in academic works to develop strategies for structural health monitoring through appropriate characterization of dynamic responses. In many cases, these studies concern laboratory prototypes and finite element models to validate the proposed methodologies. Therefore, the present work aims to investigate the capability of a deep learning algorithm called Sparse Autoencoder (SAE) specifically focused on detecting structural alterations in real-case studies. The idea is to characterize the dynamic responses via SAE models and, subsequently, to detect the onset of abnormal behavior through the Shewhart T control chart, calculated with SAE extracted features. The anomaly detection approach is exemplified using data from the Z24 bridge, a classical benchmark, and data from the continuous monitoring of the San Vittore bell-tower, Italy. In both cases, the influence of temperature is also evaluated. The proposed approach achieved good performance, detecting structural changes even under temperature variations.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 2000년도 봄 학술발표회논문집
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• pp.365-370
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• 2000

A sliding mode fuzzy control (SMFC) algorithm is applied to design a controller for a benchmark problem on a wind- excited building. The structure is a 76-story concrete office tower with a height of 306 meters, hence the wind resistance characteristics are very important for the serviceability as well as the safety. A control system with an active tuned mass damper is assumed to be installed on the top floor. Since the structural acceleration is measured only at ,limited number of locations without measurement of the wind force, the structure of the conventional continuous sliding mode control may have the feed-back loop only. So, an adaptive least mean squares (LMS) filter is employed in the SMFC algorithm to generate a fictitious feed-forward loop. The adaptive LMS filter is designed based on the information of the stochastic characteristics of the wind velocity along the structure. A numerical study is carried out. and the performance of the present SMFC with the ,adaptive LMS filter is investigated in comparison with those of' other control, of algorithms such as linear quadratic Gaussian control, frequency domain optimal control, quadratic stability control, continuous sliding mode control, and H/sub ∞///sub μ/, control, which were reported by other researchers. The effectiveness of the adaptive LMS filter is also examined. The results indicate that the present algorithm is very efficient .

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2004

사장교의 지진응답 제어를 위한 퍼지관리제어기법에 대하여 연구하였다. 제시하는 방법은 복합제어방법의 하나로서, 여러 개의 최적제어기로 이루어진 하부제어기와 퍼지관리자로 구성되는 계층적인 구조를 가진다. 하위제어기들은 사장교의 주요 지진응답들을 저감시키도록 각각 독립적으로 설계되며, 퍼지관리자는 설계된 하위제어기들의 참여율을 조절함으로써 향상된 제진성능을 확보한다. 이는 하위제어기의 정적 제어이득을 퍼지추론과정에 기반하여 실시간으로 변화하는 동적 제어이득으로 변화함으로써 이루어진다. 제안하는 방법으리 적용성을 평가하기 위하여 Dyke 등이 제안한 사장교의 벤치마크 제어문제를 설계 예로 고려하였으며, 사장교 지진응답제어를 위한 제어변수로는 주탑하부의 전단력과 휨모멘트, 주탑상부의 수평변위 및 테크 주탑간 상대변위, 그리고 케이블의 장력을 선정하였다. 벤치마크 사장교에 대하여 제안한 퍼지관리제어기 및 최적제어이론에 기반한 LQG 제어기의 제어성능 비교로부터 제시하는 기법의 효율성을 검증하였다.

• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2015

Design lifetime of a wind turbine is required to be at least 20 years. The most important step to ensure the deign is to evaluate the loads on the wind turbine as accurately as possible. In this study, extreme design load of a offshore wind turbine using Garrad Hassan (GH) Bladed and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) FAST codes are calculated considering structural dynamic loads. These wind turbine aeroelastic analysis codes are high efficiency for the rapid numerical analysis scheme. But, these codes are mainly based on the mathematical and semi-empirical theories such as unsteady blade element momentum (UBEM) theory, generalized dynamic wake (GDW), dynamic inflow model, dynamic stall model, and tower influence model. Thus, advanced CFD-dynamic coupling method is also applied to conduct cross verification with FAST and GH Bladed codes. If the unsteady characteristics of wind condition are strong, such as extreme design wind condition, it is possible to occur the error in analysis results. The NREL 5 MW offshore wind turbine model as a benchmark case is practically considered for the comparison of calculated designed loads. Computational analyses for typical design load conditions such as normal turbulence model (NTM), normal wind profile (NWP), extreme operation gust (EOG), and extreme direction change (EDC) have been conducted and those results are quantitatively compared with each other. It is importantly shown that there are somewhat differences as maximum amount of 18% among numerical tools depending on the design load cases.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2016

대형 빌딩에 설치된 냉각탑의 순환수를 이용한 소수력 발전용 수차를 개발하기 위해 펠톤 수차설계를 상용코드인 CFX를 사용한 전산유체 해석을 통해 수행하였다. 소수력 발전용 펠톤 수차의 최적설계를 구하기 위해 파이프 단면에 적합한 형태로 펠톤 휠을 절단한 버킷 모양과 버킷 개수 등 관련 주요 설계 인자를 변화시키며 수차 특성을 해석하여 수차 성능에 대한 영향을 평가하였다. 전산수치 해석에 의한 펠톤 수차설계 방법을 검증하기 위해 축소된 크기의 수차를 제작하고 실험을 통한 벤치마크 시험을 수행하였다. 초음파유량계와 압력 트랜스듀서, 오실로스코프를 사용하여 측정한 유동특성과 출력을 수치해석 결과와 비교하여 수치해석 설계방법의 타당성을 증명하였다. 또한 전산수치 해석을 통해 원하는 출력을 얻기 위한 버킷의 모양과 개수를 선정하여 냉각탑이 설치된 대형빌딩에서 건물 내의 냉각수 순환평균속도는 1.2 m/s이고 빌딩의 높이는 30 m인 경우에 대해 순환하는 냉각수인 잉여수를 이용한 kW급 소수력 발전용 펠톤 수차의 개발 가능성을 확인하였다.