• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.61-70
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• 2003

The behaviour of an earth and rock-fill dam is complicated due to reservoir water and various materials in zoned dams. Different materials with a wide range of permeability and seasonal variation of reservoir water result in the time dependent post-constructional behaviour. In aged dams it is often required to control water level to keep the dams safe. In this case information on the post-constructional dam behaviour is important. However, present geotechnical knowledge does not fully support the occasion. In this study the post-constructional behaviour of a dam is investigated using coupled finite element models for series of idealized water reservoir cases: impoundment, draw down, seasonal fluctuation with different rising and falling speeds. Numerical results were analysed in respect of geotechnical parameters such as load transfer, hydraulic fracturing potential and stress paths. It is shown that the control of water level is an important factor while operating dams.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.497-520
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• 2016

The confined concrete stress-strain curves utilised in computational models of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns can have a significant influence on the accuracy of the predicted behaviour. A generic model is proposed for predicting the stress-strain behaviour of confined concrete in short circular, elliptical and octagonal CFST columns subjected to axial compression. The finite element (FE) analysis is carried out to simulate the concrete confining pressure in short circular, elliptical and octagonal CFST columns. The concrete confining pressure relies on the geometric and material parameters of CFST columns. The post-peak behaviour of the concrete stress-strain curve is determined using independent existing experimental results. The strength reduction factor is derived for predicting the descending part of the confined concrete behaviour. The fibre element model is developed for the analysis of circular, elliptical and octagonal CFST short columns under axial loading. The FE model and fibre element model accounting for the proposed concrete confined model is verified by comparing the computed results with experimental results. The ultimate axial strengths and complete axial load-strain curves obtained from the FE model and fibre element model agree reasonably well with experimental results. Parametric studies have been carried out to examine the effects of important parameters on the compressive behaviour of short circular, elliptical and octagonal CFST columns. The design model proposed by Liang and Fragomeni (2009) for short circular, elliptical and octagonal CFST columns is validated by comparing the predicted results with experimental results.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.151-165
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument for assessing Korean mother's child rearing attitudes. The study attempted to explore dimensionality of maternal attitudes and formulated conceptual framwork. The items of maternal behaviour scale were tested on 300 mothers of 4th∼6th grade elementary school children living in urban areas. By the method of reliability analysis and factor analysis, 43 items were finally selected for the scale. The reliability of the new scale was ranged from .57 to .80. The construct validity of the scale was supported by the results of factor analysis.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.553-570
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• 2016

A series of three-dimensional (3D) parametric finite element analyses have been performed to study the influence of the relative locations of pile tips with regards to the tunnel position on the behaviour of single piles and pile groups to adjacent tunnelling in weathered soil. When the pile tips are inside the influence zone, which considers the relative pile tip location with respect to the tunnel position, tunnelling-induced pile head settlements are larger than those computed from the Greenfield condition. However, when the pile tips are outside the influence zone, a reverse trend is obtained. When the pile tips are inside the influence zone, the tunnelling-induced tensile pile forces mobilised, but when the pile tips are outside the influence zone, compressive pile forces are induced because of tunnelling, depending on the shear stress transfer mechanism at the pile-soil interface. For piles connected to a cap, tensile and compressive forces are mobilised at the top of the centre and side piles, respectively. It has been shown that the increases in the tunnelling-induced pile head settlements have resulted in reductions of the apparent factor of safety up to approximately 43% when the pile tips are inside the influence zone, therefore severely affecting the serviceability of the piles. The pile behaviour, when considering the location of the pile tips with regards to the tunnel, has been analysed in great detail by taking the tunnelling-induced pile head settlements, axial pile forces, apparent factor of safety of the piles and shear transfer mechanism into account.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.276-286
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• 2002

Purpose: The concept of embarrassment as an unpleasant emotion is important in caring for those who are in the continuum of illness and health requiring body care and facing sexual problems. In spite of its nursing implication, embarrassment has not been focused in nursing research. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develope a conceptual analysis of embarrassment. This analysis would help to understand comprehensively an embarrassing situation in which an intimate relationship between nurse and patient regarding body care of the patient could develope. Futhermore, it would be a basis for developing strategies for prevention of embarrassment which could lead for both patient and nurse to emotionally vulnerable situation because of their failure of self-presentation (impression management). Method: The concept analysis model suggested by Walker and Avant (1988) is used to clarify what is meant by the term 'embarrassment'. Result: This analysis defines the attributes of embarrassment such as follows. First, embarrassment is often attributed to situational factors interrupting a smooth interaction such as intimacy, confusion, vulnerability, exposure of interaction and characteristics of audience. Second, embarrassment is closely related with cognitive factor such as fear of losing face resulted from a behaviour being out of line. Third, embarrassment is closely associated with dispositional factor such as embarrassability. Fourth, embarrassment is an unpleasant and unwanted emotion arising reactively after an interaction had occurred. Fifth, embarrassment encloses physical, physiological and behavioral aspects such as a variety of unique and easily noticeable reactions and a pattern of verbal and non-verbal behaviour for coping in an embarrassing situation. The antecedents were normally socialized adolescents with normal cognitive ability, concern of losing face, embarrassability, embarrassing events related with situational intimacy, confusion, vulnerability, exposure of interaction and characteristics of audience, physical, behavioral blunders resulting in a failure of impression management. The consequences were an emotional coping behaviour, audience's embarrassment responses, and verbal and non-verbal coping strategies of interactional participants. Conclusion: It is hoped that this analysis will stimulate further exploration of this concept and study for developing systematic assessment and nursing practice that diminishes embarrassment of interactional participants.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.47-67
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• 2014

Due to thermal expansion, the structural behaviour of beams in steel structures subjected to temperature increase will be affected. This may result in the failure of the structural members or connection due to extra internal force in the beam induced by the thermal increase. A method to release some of the thermally generated internal force in the members is to allow for some movements at the end supports of the member. This can be achieved by making the plane of the end-plate of the connection slanted instead of vertical as in conventional design. The present paper discusses the mechanical behaviour of beams with bolted slant end-plate connection under symmetrical gravity loads, subjected to temperature increase. Analyses have been carried out to investigate the reduction in internal force with various angles of slanting, friction factor at the surface of the connection, and allowable temperature increase in the beam. The main conclusion is that higher thermal increase is tolerable when slanting connection is used, which means the risk of failure of structures can be reduced.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.8
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• pp.99-111
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors, which influence impulsive buying at duty-free shops. This involved an investigation into the effects of demographic characteristics, the types of purchased items, and the situational and emotional factors affecting impulsive purchasing behaviour in consumers, who had bought items from duty free shops in the past three years. The findings are as follows. Firstly, while beverage and cosmetic items were found to encourage impulse buying, in general demographic variables and type of product had only a slight influence. Secondly, the situational factors of price benefits, overseas luxury branding, and ease of access in the duty free shopping area all had a definite positive influence. Thirdly, with regard to emotional factors, positive emotion was found to have strong augmenting effect on impulsive purchasing. The findings can be used in the development of educational materials to prevent impulsive purchasing and promote sensible consumer behaviour.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1115-1140
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• 2016

This paper proposes an extension of the Improved Forced Based Design procedure to 3D steel structures. The Improved Forced Based Design (IFBD) procedure consists of a more rational sequence of the design checks proposed in Eurocode 8 and involves a more realistic selection of the behaviour factor instead of selecting an empirical value based on the ductility class and lateral resisting system adopted. The design procedure was tested on a group of four 3D steel structures, composed by moment-resisting frames with three storeys height and the same plan configuration in all storeys. The plan configuration was defined in order to target lateral restrained or unrestrained systems as well as plan regular or irregular structures. The same group of structures was also designed according to the force-based process prescribed in Eurocode 8. The member sizes obtained through the two approaches were compared and the seismic performance was assessed through nonlinear static and time-history analyses. The limit states referred to structural and non-structural damage, considering the two levels design approach, which are the serviceability and the ultimate limit states, were examined. The results obtained reveal that the IFBD leads to more economical structures that still comply with the performance requirements prescribed in Eurocode 8.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.769-782
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• 2020

A Prestressed stayed steel column is an efficient and lightweight way with regard to enhancing the stability behaviour of a compression column. In the past, researchers primarily concentrated on investigating the behaviour of stayed steel columns with horizontal crossarms. However, this article focuses on prestressed stayed steel columns with split-up crossarm system, in which the crossarms are aslant and rotational symmetrically arranged. A mathematical formula calculating the optimal pretension that corresponds to the maximum critical buckling load was established according to geometric analysis based on the small deformation assumption. It was demonstrated that critical buckling mode of this stayed column is different from the one with horizontal crossarms. The governing imperfection direction that should be adopted in the nonlinear buckling analysis was determined in this work. In addition, the effects of crossarm inclination, stay diameter, and crossarm length on the stability behaviour were investigated. An influencing factor denotes the ratio of the load carrying capacity of the prestressed stayed steel column to the Euler load of the main column was also obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 2016

The dependence of the microwave dielectric properties of the glass-ceramic composite $0.9CaMgSi_2O_6-0.1MgSiO_3$ on the crystallization behaviour was investigated as functions of the $TiO_2$ content and heat-treatment temperature. The crystallization behaviour of the specimens was evaluated via a combination of the Rietveld and reference-intensity ratio methods. For specimens with a $TiO_2$ content of up to 1 wt.%, a monoclinic diopside phase was formed, whereas a secondary $TiO_2$ phase was formed with further increases in the $TiO_2$ content. The quality factor (Qf) of the specimens was strongly dependent on the degree of crystallization. The highest Qf value was obtained with a $TiO_2$ content of 0.5 wt.%, which was improved by increasing the heat-treatment temperature. The dielectric constant (K) was affected by the size of the crystallites and the $TiO_2$ content. The temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency (TCF) was nearly constant for all of the specimens, regardless of the $TiO_2$ content or heattreatment temperature.