• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.345-355
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• 2012

This study purposed to examine the effect of low power laser on pain response and axonal regeneration. In order to prepare peripheral nerve injury models, we crushed the sciatic nerve of Sprague-Dawley rats and treated them with low power laser for 21 days. The rats were divided into 4 groups: normal group(n=10); control group(n=10) without any treatment after the induction of sciatic nerve crush injury; experimental group I(n=10) treated with low power laser(0.21$mJ/mm^2$) after the induction of sciatic nerve crush injury; and experimental group II(n=10) treated with low power laser(5.25$mJ/mm^2$) after the induction of sciatic nerve crush injury. We measured spontaneous pain behavior(paw withdrawal latency test) and mechanical allodynia(von Frey filament test) for evaluating pain behavioral response, and measured the sciatic function index for evaluating the functional recovery of peripheral nerve before the induction of sciatic nerve crush injury and on day 1, 7, 14 and 21 after the induction. After the experiment was completed, changes in the H & E stain and toluidine blue stain were examined histopathologically, and changes in MAG(myelin associated glycoprotein) and c-fos were examined immunohistologically. According to the results of this study, when low power laser was applied to rat models with sciatic nerve crush injury for 21 days and the results were examined through pain behavior evaluation and neurobehavioral, histopathological and immunohistological analyses, low power laser was found to affect pain response and axonal regeneration in both experimental group I and experimental group II. Moreover, the effect on pain response and axonal regeneration was more positive in experimental group I to which output 0.21$mJ/mm^2$ was applied than in experimental group II to which 5.25$mJ/mm^2$ was applied.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.377-386
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• 2014

Objective: In this study, we used resting-state fMRI data to map differences in functional connectivity between a comprehensive set of 8 distinct cortical and subcortical brain regions in healthy controls and Internet addicts. We also investigated the relationship between resting state connectivity strength and the level of psychopathology (ex. score of internet addiction scale and score of Barratt impulsiveness scale). Background: There is a lot of evidence of relationship between Internet addiction and impaired inhibitory control. Clinical evidence suggests that Internet addicts have a high level of impulsivity as measured by behavioral task of response inhibition and a self report questionnaire. Method: 15 Internet addicts and 15 demographically similar non-addicts participated in the current resting-state fMRI experiment. For the connectivity analysis, regions of interests (ROIs) were defined based on the previous studies of addictions. Functional connectivity assessment for each subject was obtained by correlating time-series across the ROIs, resulting in $8{\times}8$ matrixs for each subject. Within-group, functional connectivity patterns were observed by entering the z maps of the ROIs of each subject into second-level one sample t test. Two sample t test was also performed to examine between group differences. Results: Between group, the analysis revealed that the connectivity in between the orbito frontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex, between orbito frontal cortex and putamen, between the orbito frontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, between the insula and anterior cingulate cortex, and between amydgala and insula was significantly stronger in control group than in the Internet addicts, while the connectivity in between the orbito frontal cortex and insula showed stronger negative correlation in the Internet addicts relative to control group (p < 0.001, uncorrected). No significant relationship between functional connectivity strength and current degree of Internet addiction and degree of impulsitivy was seen. Conclusion: This study found that Internet addicts had declined connectivity strength in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and other regions (e.g., ACC, IPC, and insula) during resting-state. It may reflect deficits in the OFC function to process information from different area in the corticostriatal reward network. Application: The results might help to develop theoretical modeling of Internet addiction for Internet addiction discrimination.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.129-143
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• 2012

Objectives : To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of the essential oil from Sohaphwangwon (SH), a Chinese traditional medicinal prescription in a Parkinson's disease mouse model. Methods : 1. The neuroprotective effect of SH on primary neuronal cells was examined by using 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+). 2. The neuroprotective effect of SH was examined in a Parkinson's disease mouse model. C57BL/6 mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 30 mg/kg/day), intraperitoneal (i.p.) for 5 days. SH inhalation was applied before MPTP treatment for 7 days and continued until 12 days after the first MPTP treatment. 3. To find out the intracellular target signal molecule(s) regarding the neuroprotective effect of SH essential oil, brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and synaptic protein SNAP25 were examined by Western blot analysis. Results : 1. MPP+ induced a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability. However, in the presence of 3 and 5 ug/ml of SH, MPP+-induced cell death was significantly reduced. 2. SH inhalation in MPTP mice led to the restoration of behavioral impairment and rescued tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive dopaminergic neurodegeneration. 3. In SH / MPTP mice, BDNF and SNAP25 increased. Conclusions : This experiment suggests that the neuroprotective effect of SH essential oil is mediated by the expression of BDNF. Furthermore, SH essential oil may serve as a potential preventive or therapeutic agent regarding Parkinson's disease.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.445-456
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• 2013

This study addresses the relationship between individual differences regarding self-concept, measured by Self Concept Clarity (SCC) scale and Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal and relationships (RISC) scale, and diverse affective consequences after choice behavior. We hypothesized that lower self-concept clarity and higher relational interdependence would be related to increased susceptibility to choice context-for example, how a choice set is constructed based on one's initial preference. We examined how variations in a choice set can produce different affective consequences after making choices, and investigated the underlying neural mechanism using fMRI. In this experiment, participants first rated their preferences for art posters, and made a series of choices from a presented set. After the choice task, they completed post-choice measures including preferences for the chosen posters, as well as measures of their self-concept clarity and relational interdependence. Our behavioral results demonstrated that when participants faced more conflicting choice context, self-concept clarity was related to more positive affective consequences after choice, whereas relational interdependence was correlated with a lower second-rated attractiveness of the chosen option. The neuroimaging analysis of choice-making revealed that self-concept clarity and the degree of their relational interdependence served as modulators in shaping how one perceives and experiences the same decision-making process. These results have theoretical and practical importance in that it is one of the first studies investigating the influence of the individual differences regarding self-concept on value-based decision making process among diverse choice set contexts.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2008

Pesticide residues play several key roles as environmental and food pollutants and it is crucial to develop a method for the rapid determination of pesticide residues in environments. In this study, a simple, effective, and sensitive method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of methoxyfenozide in water and soil when kept under laboratory conditions. The content of methoxyfenozide in water and soil was analyzed by first purifying the compound through liquid-liquid extraction and partitioning followed by florisil gel filtration. Upon the completion of the purification step the residual levels were monitored through high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) using a UV absorbance detector. The average recoveries of methoxyfenozide from three replicates spiked at two different concentrations and were ranged from 83.5% to 110.3% and from 98.1% to 102.8% in water and soil, respectively. The limits of detection(LODs) and limits of quantitation(LOQs) were 0.004 vs. 0.012 ppm and 0.008 vs. 0.024 ppm, respectively. The method was successfully applied to evaluate the behavioral fate of a 21% wettable powder(WP) methoxyfenozide throughout the course of 14 days. A first-order model was found to accurately fit the dissipation of methoxyfenozide in water with and a $DT_{50}$ value of 3.03 days was calculated from the fit. This result indicates that methoxyfenozide dissipates rapidly and does not accumulate in water.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.909-914
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• 2006

The goal of this study was to investigate the behavior of sows and their piglets reared using the non-all-in all-out system and the all-in all-out system during a 3-week lactation period. The 24 Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire sows (range of parity: 2 to 4) and their litters (range of litter size: 8 to 13 piglets) for each treatment (8 sows/replication) were used in this experiment. The sows were housed in farrowing crates ($0.6{\times}2.1m$) located in pens ($2.4{\times}1.8m$) with totally perforated metal flooring. The crates were kept in an experimental room that was thermostatically controlled to approximately $23^{\circ}C$. A 250-W infrared heat lamp was turned on above the creep area during lactation. The sows and piglets were conventionally managed. The animals were recorded during a 24-h period at 1, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days postpartum. The videotapes were scanned every minute to obtain an instantaneous behavioral sample. In the behaviors of sows, lateral recumbency decreased and ventral recumbency increased from 1 day postpartum to 21 days postpartum. In comparison to the AIAOS, sows in the NAIAOS spent much less time on lateral recumbency (p<0.01), whereas they spent much more time on ventral recumbency and sitting at 4 days postpartum (p<0.05 and p<0.05). In the behaviors of piglets, lying increased and unsuccessful suckling decreased until 21 days postpartum. Compared to the AIAOS at 4 days postpartum, piglets in the NAIAOS spent less time lying (p<0.01), whereas they spent much more time walking and unsuccessful suckling (p<0.01 and p<0.05). These results suggest that the all-in all-out system may be preferable to the non-all-in all-out system for promoting welfare.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.27-34
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• 2009

Objectives: To evaluate the acute toxic effects and approximate lethal dose of Cheonggan extracts (CGX) in SD rats and beagle dogs. Methods: Male and female rats were divided into 4 groups (Control, CGX 1250, CGX 2500, CGX 5000) respectively and male and female dogs were divided into two groups respectively (Control, CGX 5000) respectively. A single oral dose of CGX was treated to the rats and dogs. Mortality, signs of gross toxicity, and behavioral changes were observed over 14 days. All animals were observed every hour for 4 hours after administration and once a day thereafter for 14 days. Body weights were determined at $0_{th}$, $7_{th}$, and $14_{th}$ days. All surviving animals were sacrificed and necrotized. Major organs were inspected visually for gross findings. Results: No animals died in any of the groups during the experimental period (2 weeks), rats or dogs. Body weights of rats and dogs during the experiment continuously increased in all groups but there was no significant change. No abnormal clinical signs were observed for 2 weeks after a single administration of CGX in any dose group of CGX, rats or dogs. No abnormal findings in major organs were observed in any group of rats or dogs. Conclusion: CGX does not have acute toxic effects in rats or dogs. Therefore, an approximate lethal dose is assumed to exceed 5000 mg/kg in both rats and dogs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1828-1832
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• 2018

Objective: Environmental change is one of the stressful events in livestock production. Change in environment disturbs cow behavior and cows require several days to regain a stable behavioral pattern. Sleeping posture (SP) and lying posture (LP) have been used as indicators for animal that are relaxed and well-acclimated to their environment. The aim of this study was to examine the time required by Japanese black cows for stabilization of SP and LP after moving into new environment. Methods: Seven pregnant Japanese black cows were used. Cows were moved into new tie-stall shed and their sleeping and lying posture measured 17 times during 35 experimental days. Both SP and LP were detected by accelerometer fixed on middle occipital and hip-cross, respectively. Daily total time, frequency, and average bout of both SP and LP were calculated. Results: Daily SP time was the shortest on day 1 and increased to the highest on day 3. It then decreased until day 9, after that stabilized about 65 min/d till the end of experiment. Daily LP time changed in same manner as daily SP time. The average SP bout was the longest on day 1, and then decreased to stable level on day 7. On the other hand, the average LP bout was the shortest on day 1, and it increased to stable level on day 7. Conclusion: These results showed that pregnant Japanese black cows needed 1 week to stabilize their SP. However, there were different change patterns between the average SP and LP bout, even though the change pattern of daily SP and LP time were similar.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.15 no.1 s.66
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• pp.13-24
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• 2007

This study measured the communication effect on the setting types and the exposure times to perform the effective PPL strategies. By the setting types(on-set and creative) and exposure times(short and long), 308 female older than 20 were divided into 4 experimental groups. Each groups were exposed to the edited movies and required to answer the questionaire. The data were analysed by SPSS 12.0 using Chi-Square, One-Way ANOVA and Duncan test. The results are as follows. First, in cognitive dimension, the on-set type and long exposure group showed the higher recognition and recall. Second, in emotional dimension, the signigicant difference was found in one brand(Kappa) of two which were used in the experiment. In this case, the on-set type and long exposure group showed the positive attitude toward the brand. Third, in behavioral dimension, there were no difference among the groups. The implications based on this results are as follows. First, when implementing of PPL the fashion brands in movies, the on-set type and long exposure would be the most effective method. Second, implementing IMC(Integrated Marketing Communication) linked to the PPL strategy can be more effective. In contrast to the other product categories, it is hard to recognize the brand of fashion goods if the logo or the brand name is not exposed directly. Therefore Combining other communication strategies such as press release simultaneously will birng the more effective result of PPL in the movie.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2003

Stimulus effects of strobe light on jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus were studied by measuring the heart rate change according to the different strobe light intensity of 5~75 lx$\cdot$s. Heart rate was observed for 60 min: 10 min before, 30 min during and 20 min after the strobe light stimulus. The measurement of heart rate was repeated three times at 2 hour intervals. The results showed that the heart rate increased during stimulus but temporarily decreased immediately after ending of stimulus. The heart rate changes in both during and after stimulus were decreased with reducing light intensities. The heart rate change according to the repeated experiment was not remarkably different under the lower light intensity