• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the trends in acupuncture research on Internet addiction disorder. Methods: Clinical research papers on acupuncture treatment were searched and selected. Seven databases, including English, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean databases, were searched systematically. Non-clinical, non-acupuncture, and unpublished studies were excluded. The characteristics of the included articles were described, and these articles were assessed by the Risk of Bias (RoB) tool or the Risk of Bias Assessment for Non-randomized Studies (RoBANS) tool. Results: Ten clinical studies on Internet addiction disorder were finally selected, and all of these studies were published in China. The electroacupuncture (EA) method was used in most of the acupuncture treatment studies. Most of the psychotherapy studies used cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the control group. Most of the studies showed effective results. The results of this study suggest that the combination of acupuncture and psychotherapy is more effective than either treatment modality alone. However, the quality of these clinical studies was low. Conclusions: According to this study, acupuncture treatment seems to have excellent effects in Internet addiction disorder. However, the quality of most studies was low. Therefore, higher quality research on Internet addiction disorder is required.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.377-386
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• 2014

Objective: In this study, we used resting-state fMRI data to map differences in functional connectivity between a comprehensive set of 8 distinct cortical and subcortical brain regions in healthy controls and Internet addicts. We also investigated the relationship between resting state connectivity strength and the level of psychopathology (ex. score of internet addiction scale and score of Barratt impulsiveness scale). Background: There is a lot of evidence of relationship between Internet addiction and impaired inhibitory control. Clinical evidence suggests that Internet addicts have a high level of impulsivity as measured by behavioral task of response inhibition and a self report questionnaire. Method: 15 Internet addicts and 15 demographically similar non-addicts participated in the current resting-state fMRI experiment. For the connectivity analysis, regions of interests (ROIs) were defined based on the previous studies of addictions. Functional connectivity assessment for each subject was obtained by correlating time-series across the ROIs, resulting in $8{\times}8$ matrixs for each subject. Within-group, functional connectivity patterns were observed by entering the z maps of the ROIs of each subject into second-level one sample t test. Two sample t test was also performed to examine between group differences. Results: Between group, the analysis revealed that the connectivity in between the orbito frontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex, between orbito frontal cortex and putamen, between the orbito frontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, between the insula and anterior cingulate cortex, and between amydgala and insula was significantly stronger in control group than in the Internet addicts, while the connectivity in between the orbito frontal cortex and insula showed stronger negative correlation in the Internet addicts relative to control group (p < 0.001, uncorrected). No significant relationship between functional connectivity strength and current degree of Internet addiction and degree of impulsitivy was seen. Conclusion: This study found that Internet addicts had declined connectivity strength in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and other regions (e.g., ACC, IPC, and insula) during resting-state. It may reflect deficits in the OFC function to process information from different area in the corticostriatal reward network. Application: The results might help to develop theoretical modeling of Internet addiction for Internet addiction discrimination.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.756-763
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• 2002

We have previously demonstrated that repeated injections of nicotine produced an increase in locomotor activity, dopamine(DA), release and c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens, one of the major projection areas of the central DA system. Acupuncture as a therapeutic intervention is widely used for the treatment of many functional disorders such as substance abuse and mental dysfunction. And many studies have shown that Coptidis Rhizoma has a suppressive effect on the central nervous system (CNS) and can affect the neurotransmitter systems in the CNS. In order to investigate whether acupuncture and Coptidis Rhizoma have an influence on nicotine-induced reinforcing and behavioral effects, we examined the effect of zusanli(ST36) and Coptidis Rhizoma on repeated nicotine-induced locomotor activity, and zusanli(ST36) on c-Fos expression as an important maker of postsynaptic neuronal activity in nucleus accumbens. Male SD rats received Coptidis Rhizoma (100mg/kg, p.o.) 30 min before injections of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) for 7 days. Rats were followed withdrawal for 3 days and one challenge for 1 day. Systemic challenge with nicotine produced a much larger increase in locomotor activity. Pretreatment with acupuncture at zusanli(ST36, 100Hz) and Coptidis Rhizoma decreased in nicotine-induced locomotor activity. These results demonstrated that reduction in locomotor activity by acupuncture at zusanli(ST36, 100Hz) and Coptidis Rhizoma may be mediated by reduction of dopamine release. Our results suggest that acupuncture at zusanli(ST36, 100Hz) and Coptidis Rhizoma may have therapeutic effect on nicotine addiction.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2008

Methamphetamine, a commonly used addictive drug, is a powerful addictive stimulant that dramatically affects the CNS. Repeated METH administration leads to a rewarding effect in a state of addiction that includes sensitization, dependence, and other phenomena. It is well known that susceptibility to the development of addiction is influenced by sources of reinforcement, variable neuroadaptive mechanisms, and neurochemical changes that together lead to altered homeostasis of the brain reward system. These behavioral abnormalities reflect neuroadaptive changes in signal transduction function and cellular gene expression produced by repeated drug exposure. To provide a better understanding of addiction and the mechanism of the rewarding effect, it is important to identify related genes. In the present study, we performed gene expression profiling using microarray analysis in a reward effect animal model. We also investigated gene expression in four important regions of the brain, the nucleus accumbens, striatum, hippocampus, and cingulated cortex, and analyzed the data by two clustering methods. Genes related to signaling pathways including G-protein-coupled receptor-related pathways predominated among the identified genes. The genes identified in our study may contribute to the development of a gene modeling network for methamphetamine addiction.

• 초등상담연구
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.191-214
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• 2005

This study aimed to examine the effect of Cyber Group Counseling on the depression of internet addiction children in elementary school. In this study, the following questions were posed: How effective is the Cyber Group Counseling on the depression of internet addiction children? In this study, subjects were 24 students who got 14 points over in KAIS and got 11 points over in CDI among 245 of 5th, 6th grade students in Daegu and Chongdo Kyungbuk who did Internet addiction scale for Korean Adolescent(KAIS) and Children's Depression Inventory(CDI). They were divided into experimental group and comparative group. Subjects in experimental group practiced Cyber Group Counseling for 12 sessions(60 minutes per session) for 6 weeks. But the control group had no treatment during the period. During the experiment, 2 of each groups were left out. The counseling schedule and hor· to join the Cyber Group Counseling clinic were notified by e-mail. The Cyber Group Counseling was on every Monday and Thursday. The Cyber Group Counseling progressed by internet chatting, bulletin board, e-mail and a slip paper counsel. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS/PC+ (statistical package for the social science/personal computer) program and t -test. The findings of this study were as follows: First, the depression of internet addiction children who joined in Cyber Group Counseling was significantly reduced than the others. So, Cyber Group Counseling was proved one of the useful psychotherapy approach. Second, the subordinate of depression including behavioral disturbance and anhedonia was significantly reduced. Third, the subordinate of depression including the dysphoric mood, the self-deprecation and physiological symptoms was reduced. But it was not statistically significant.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.339-348
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• 2017

본 연구는 게임중독성향을 중독과 관여의 두 차원에서 이해하고, 남자 청소년들의 게임중독 및 관여 수준에 따라 분노표현양상과 인지적 특성에 차이가 있는지를 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 고등학교 남학생 420명을 대상으로 게임중독/관여, 분노표현양상의 파악을 위한 분노행동, 인지적 특성의 파악을 위한 비합리적 신념 척도를 실시하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 게임중독은 자기표현 및 회피를 제외한 분노행동요인들 및 모든 비합리적 신념요인들과 유의미한 정적상관을 나타낸 반면, 게임관여는 직접표출, 회피, 자기비하를 제외한 요인들과 유의미한 정적 상관을 나타냈다. 둘째, 게임중독 및 관여 수준에 따라 세 집단으로 분류하여 분노행동과 비합리적 신념의 차이를 비교한 결과, 중독 고위험-저관여 집단의 사회적 지지추구가 가장 낮고 분산과 자기비하가 가장 높았으며, 중독 저위험-고관여 집단에 비해 자기표현이 낮고 호감/인정에 대한 집착이 높았다. 중독 고위험-고관여 집단은 좌절감이나 불편에 대한 인내력이 가장 낮았고, 분노경험을 반추하고 직접 표출하는 경향이 가장 높았다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 게임중독 고위험 청소년의 관여 수준에 따른 상담적 개입방안을 논의하였다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.137-149
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• 2006

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Radix Scutellariae on repeated nicotine-induced locomotor activity and c-Fos expression utilizing Fos-like immuno-histochemistry method in the nucleus accumbens, and the striatum, one of the major projection areas of the control DA system. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into untreated(normal), nicotine-treated (control), Radix Scutellariae-treated(sample) groups, RS group received Radix Scutellariae(100mg/kg, i.p.) 30minutes before injection of nicotine(0.4mg/kg, s.c.) for 7days. Rat were followed withdrawal for 3 days and one challenge for 1day. Results : Systemic challenge with nicotine produced a much larger locomotor activity and expression of c-Fos in the nucleus accumbens and the striatum. Pretreatment with Radix Scutellariae decreased in nicotine-induced locomotor activity and c-Fos expression in the core, shell, straitum area. Conclusion : These results demonstrated that reduction in locomotor activity by Radix Scutellariae may be mediated by reduction of dopamine release and of postsynaptic neuronal activity in striatum, the nucleus accumbens. Out results show neurochemical evidence for the biological effects of Radix Scutellariae that ultimately may help us to understand how Radix Scutellariae can be used to treat nicotine addiction.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

Nicotine, primary component of tobaco produces craving and withdrawal effect both in humans and animals. Nicotine shows a close resemblance to other addictive drugs in molecular, neuroanatomical and pharmacological, particularly the drugs which enhances the cognitive functions. Nicotine mainly shows its action through specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptors located in brain. It stimulates presynaptic acetylcholine receptors thereby enhancing Ach release and metabolism. Dopaminergic system is also stimulated by it, thus increasing the concentration of dopamine in nuclear accumbens. This property of nicotine according to various researchers is responsible for reinforcing behavioral change and dependence of nicotine. Various researchers have also depicted that some non dopaminergic systems are also involved for rewarding effect of nicotinic withdrawal. Neurological systems such as GABAergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and brain stem cholinergic may also be involved to mediate the actions of nicotine. Further, the neurobiological pathway to nicotine dependence might perhaps be appropriate to the attachment of nicotine to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, peruse by stimulation of dopaminergic system and activation of general pharmacological changes that might be responsible for nicotine addiction. It is also suggested that MAO A and B both are restrained by nicotine. This enzyme helps in degradation dopamine, which is mainly responsible for nicotinic actions and dependence. Various questions remain uninsurable to nicotine mechanism and require more research. Also, various genetic methods united with modern instrumental analysis might result for more authentic information for nicotine addiction.

• 한국정보시스템학회지:정보시스템연구
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.53-75
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• 2020

Purpose Despite the continued rise in the popularity of mobile MMORPGs, the previous studies mainly focused on negative results of playing MMORPG such as violence and game addiction. In addition, previous studies that verified game play motives were not enough to explain user's fundamental motives for MMORPG play. To verify the positive role of playing MMORPG, this study focused on stress coping strategies on continued play MMORPG, and divided factors into two dimensions: escapism and coping with system. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively identify the discriminatory effects of each factor on users' self-control, and the effect of self-constrol and behavioral adapatation on continued use intention for MMORPG. Design/methodology/approach This study was designed to examine the structural relationships among MMORPG users' escapism, system coping, self-control, behavioral adaptation and continued use intention for MMORPG. Findings The results from this study are as follow. First, the participants' effect-based escapism had a positive impact on self-control, whereas cause-based escapism had a negative impact on self-control. Next, proactive coping and reactive coping for system problem had a positive impact on self-control. In addition, Self-control had a positive impact on behavioral adaptation and continued use intention for MMORPG. Lastly, the behavioral adaptation to MMORPG had a positive impact continued use intention. The results of our study can suggest the positive effects of coping strategy on users' self-control and behavioral adaptation by applying the theory of both escapism and coping with system. Based on our results, game companies should develop contents that can gratify users' coping motives and enhance self-control and behavioral adaptation.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제104권2호
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• pp.277-284
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• 2015

본 연구는 산림치유가 청소년 인터넷 중독 위험군의 신경인지, 심리사회, 생리적 측면에 어떤 영향을 주는지 알아보고자 진행되었다. 이를 위해 2013년 5월부터 7월까지 서울시 지역사회 및 상담센터, 병원에 왕래하는 청소년들을 대상으로 한국형 인터넷 중독 자가진단척도를 실시하였고, 본 척도의 기준에 따라 고위험 사용자군, 잠재적 위험 사용자군, 일반 사용자군으로 분류하였다. 이후 고위험 사용자군과 잠재적 위험 사용자군을 인터넷 중독 위험군으로 정의하였고, 본 연구의 대상자로 포함하였다. 산림치유캠프 참여와 대조군 검사는 서면으로 본인과 부모의 동의 및 참여의사를 밝힌 총 25명으로 진행되었으며, 무작위 배정을 통해 산림치유캠프 참여 13명, 대조군 검사 12명으로 분류하였다. 이들을 대상으로 신경인지적 측면은 Continuous Performance Task(CPT), 심리사회적 측면은 Kimberly S. Young Scale(KYS), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale(RSC), Relationship Change Scale(RCS), 생리학적 측면은 Heart Rate Variability(HRV)와 Cortisol 검사를 실시하였고, 최종적으로 산림치유는 인터넷 중독 위험군의 신경인지적, 심리사회적 측면에 영향을 주는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 신경인지적 측면의 경우 산림치유캠프에 참여한 집단은 산림치유캠프에 참여하지 않은 집단에 비해 지속수행검사(CPT)의 주의력 결핍(AQ), 청각주의력 결핍(AAQ)에서 감소효과를, 청각조심성(AP)에서는 향상 효과를 보였다. 심리사회적 측면에서는 대인관계 변화척도(RCS)에서 산림치유캠프 집단이 통계적으로 유의미하게 증가되었으며, 인터넷 중독(KYS)과 회복탄력성(RSC)에서는 통계적으로 완화 및 향상되는 경향성을 보였다. 생물학적인 측면에서는 심박수(HR)의 증가를 제외하고 통계적으로 유의미한 결과는 나타나지 않았다.