• 제목/요약/키워드: before washing

검색결과 326건 처리시간 0.025초

조선시대 철비(鐵碑)의 보존처리와 탈염방법 비교 연구 (A Study of Conservation and Desalination Methods for an Iron Stele of the Joseon Dynasty)

  • 이혜연;조남철
    • 보존과학회지
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    • 제25권4호
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    • pp.399-409
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    • 2009
  • 외부 환경에 노출된 철제문화재는 환경오염요인에 직접적으로 영향을 받아 부식에 취약하다. 특히 철제유물에 있어서 활성부식을 일으키는 염화이온($Cl^-$)은 반드시 제거되어야 하지만 옥외 철제문화재는 유물의 특성상 탈염의 대상에서 제외되고 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 조선시대 철비를 대상으로 보존처리 및 탈염실험을 실시하였으며, 탈염은 흡습지를 이용한 탈염방법과 기존의 침적탈염방법을 함께 실시하여 그 효율성을 비교하였다. 탈염의 평가는 실체 금속 현미경, SEM-EDS, pH측정과 이온크로마토그래피(IC), XRD분석을 통하여 알아보았다. 실체 금속현미경으로 조사된 결과 부식은 층을 이루고 있으며 금속조직은 백주철로 확인된다. 또한 탈염 전 부식물에 대한 SEM-EDS분석결과 Fe와 O가 주로 검출되었으며 특히 Cl이 2.48wt%까지 측정되었다. 탈염용액에 대한 pH와 음이온을 분석한 결과에서는 흡습지를 이용한 탈염방법도 침적탈염방법과 유사한 탈염효과를 볼 수 있었다. 마지막으로 탈염 전 후 부식물에 대한 XRD분석 결과 탈염전에는 goethite, magnetite, lepidocrocite와 akaganeite가 검출되었으나 탈염 후에는 akaganeite가 검출되지 않아 흡습지를 이용한 탈염의 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 본 연구를 통하여 흡습지를 이용한 탈염방법에서도 기존의 침적탈염방법과 유사한 탈염효과를 확인할 수 있었다.

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복합감각 기능증진 개념의 헬스케어 목욕시스템 개발 (Development of Healthcare Bathing System for Improving the Multisensory Functions)

  • 김형지;유미;진혜련;권대규
    • 감성과학
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.309-316
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    • 2010
  • 본 연구에서는 단순 세정의 개념이 아닌 복합감각 증진 개념의 헬스케어 목욕 시스템을 개발하고자 한다. 헬스케어 감성욕조를 디자인하기 위해 우선 타입별 특성을 고찰하였다. 이를 기반으로 복합감각 자극용 전신 욕조를 개발하였고, 이 전신욕조는 감성자극용 전신욕조 월풀, 시청각 감각 자극 기능이 구비된 욕조 커버, 제어용 소형 PC, 터치패널, DMB 패널, 시각 감성 증진을 위한 칼라 가변형 LED 무드 시스템과 스피커로 구성되어 있다. 제작된 복합감각 증진 개념의 헬스케어 욕조시스템의 특성을 고찰하기 위해서 목욕을 하는 동안 인체 자율신경계에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 전반적으로 목욕 상태에서의 심박변이율은 실험 중 교감신경에 비해 부교감신경이 계속 증가하는 것으로 나타났고, 목욕을 시작한지 15분이 경과하면 교감신경이 증가하고 부교감신경이 감소하여, 피험자가 목욕을 한지 15분일 때 가장 편안한 상태를 느끼는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 목욕 실험 결과 전후의 혈압이 최고 16mmHg까지 떨어진 것으로 나타났으나 맥박은 증가하였다. 이것은 심장으로부터 혈액의 유출량이 많아져 혈류량이 증가하는 것으로 복합감각 증진용 헬스케어 욕조 시스템을 이용한 목욕이 혈액 순환에 긍정적인 영향을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과를 가지고 복합감각 기능증진 헬스케어 목욕시스템의 사용성과 사용자의 생리분석을 통한 기초결과를 통해서 사용자의 생리변화를 분석함으로써 제품의 사용성과 사용자의 생리적 변화 및 감성 간의 관계를 보다 더 명확하게 밝혀낼 수 있으리라 기대한다.

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닭 도계 및 가공공정 중 유해미생물의 분포와 항생제 감수성 (The distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogenic microorganisms isolated from chicken slaughtering and processing procedure)

  • 설국환;김기현;조수미;김영화;김현욱;함준상
    • 농업과학연구
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    • 제42권1호
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    • pp.29-35
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    • 2015
  • This study was performed to analyze the distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic microorganisms isolated from the carcass and environments of chicken processing plant located in Gyeonggi province from October to November in 2010. Chicken slaughterhouse was visited 3 times and totally 40 samples were collected from chicken carcass before and after washing (n=14), chicken cuts (n=7), cooling water (n=8), brine (n=2), cutting knives (n=7) and working plate (n=2). Whole-chicken rinsing technique (for chicken carcasses) and swab technique (for working plate and knives) were used to analyze the distribution of pathogenic microorganisms. In addition, brine and chilling water from storage tanks were gathered using sterilized tubes and used as samples. The matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) for whole cell fingerprinting in combination with a dedicated bioinformatic software tool was used to identify the isolated microorganisms. The pathogenic microorganisms, such as Bacillus cereus (n=8) and Staphylococcus aureus (n=9), were isolated form the chicken processing process (chicken carcasses of before and after chilling, chicken cuts, and working plate). The antimicrobial susceptibility of those isolated microorganisms was analyzed using 21 antimicrobial agents. In the case of B. cereus, it showed 100% of resistance to subclasses of penicillins and peptides, and it also resistant to cephalothin, a member of critically important antimicrobials (CIA), however there was no resistance (100% susceptible) to vancomycin and chloramphenicol. S. aureus showed 100% resistance to subclasses of peptides and some of penicillins (penicillin and oxacillin), however, it showed 100% susceptibility to cephalosporins (cefazolin and cephalothin). All of the tested pathogens showed multi drug resistance (MDR) more than 4 subclasses and one of B. cereus and S. aureus showed resistance to 9 subclasses. After the ban on using the antimicrobials in animal feed in July 2011, there would be some change in microbial distribution and antimicrobial resistance, and it still has a need to be analyzed.

혈액 오염 처리 과정이 교정용 브라켓 접착에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Blood Decontamination on Orthodontic Bracket Bonding)

  • 이재희;신지선;김종수
    • 대한소아치과학회지
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    • 제44권3호
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    • pp.341-349
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    • 2017
  • 혈액 오염 처리 과정은 교정용 브라켓 부착 성공에 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구의 목적은 교정용 브라켓 접착 중 발생할 수 있는 오염 처리 과정에 따른 영향을 알아보고자 함이다. 이에 프라이머 광중합 전과 후에 혈액 오염이 되었을 때 세척 방법에 따라 전단 결합 강도에 미치는 영향을 평가해보고, 접착 파절 형태 및 표면 양상을 주사전자 현미경을 이용하여 관찰해보고자 하였다. 50개의 소구치를 대상으로, I군은 대조군으로 전통적인 산부식 방법으로 부착하였다. II군과 III군은 프라이머 광중합 전에, IV군과 V군은 프라이머 광중합 후에 혈액 오염이 일어난 군으로 나누었다. 또한 II군과 IV군은 코튼 펠렛만 이용하여, III군과 V군은 수세 후 코튼 펠렛을 이용하여 세척하였다. 그 결과 평균 전단 결합 강도는 I군, V군, III군, II군 그리고 IV군 순으로 나타났다. 또한 주사 전자 현미경 사진 상에서 수세 후 코튼 펠렛으로 닦은 군이 코튼 펠렛으로만 처리한 군에 비해 균일한 산부식 표면을 보였다. 접착제 잔류지수는 대조군과 실험군 간에 유의차가 있었다(p < 0.05).

Risk Factors for and Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori Infection among Healthy Inhabitants in Northern Jakarta, Indonesia

  • Goto, Yasuyuki;Syam, Ari Fahrial;Darnindro, Nikko;Hapsari, Florentina Carolin Puspita
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제17권9호
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    • pp.4469-4475
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    • 2016
  • Indonesia is a developing country, in most of which the infection rates of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) have been reported to be high. However, the prevalence of H. pylori infection in Indonesia has been unexpectedly reported to be low. The purpose of our study was to confirm whether the prevalence of H. pylori infection is low among healthy inhabitants in Northern Jakarta by 13C-urea breath test (UBT), and to examine the association of their lifestyle/environmental factors with H. pylori infection and to identify potential routes of transmission. We recruited a total of 196 subjects from a low-income community in Northern Jakarta, Indonesia. Of them, 193 subjects who completed a questionnaire about their lifestyle/environment and had UBT were included in this study. Odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for sex and age with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression model. The overall H. pylori infection rate was 15.0%. There was difference in H. pylori infection rates among Buginese (40.0%), Betawi (9.1%), Sundanese (3.7%), and Batak (9.1%). After multivariate analysis, the ORs of intake of soybean milk, cucumber more than one time a week, infrequent hand washing before meals, and alcohol consumption were 0.10 (95%CI: 0.01-0.97), 6.61 (95%CI: 1.87-23.3), 4.10 (95%CI: 1.15-14.6), and 61.9 for former drinkers (95%CI: 1.67-2300.8), respectively. Buginese (OR=7.84; 95%CI: 1.82-33.8) and Batak ethnic groups (OR=20.1; 95%CI: 1.90-213.2) were infected more frequently, compared with Javanese. The H. pylori infection rate in this study was low, as reported previously. After we scrutinized the factors, Buginese and Batak ethnic groups eat food using fingers more frequently than Javanese, Betawi, and Sundanese. In addition, infrequent hand wash practice before meal increased the risk. Our study indicated that person-person transmission was possible in this low prevalence area. The low infection rates of H. pylori among those of Javanese, Betawi, and Sundanese ethnicity could be partly due to sanitary practice.

Implant system에 있어서 치과위생사의 assist work (Assist works as to implant system which dental hygienists perform in a clinical field)

  • 남용옥;김선숙;김민자;주온주
    • 한국치위생학회지
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    • 제9권2호
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    • pp.147-163
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    • 2009
  • This study was attempted in order to look into 'Assist work' as to Implant system which dental hygienists perform in a clinical field. Subjects of this research were 362 dental hygienists who work at general hospital, University hospital, dental hospital, and dental clinics located in Seoul, Kyeong-gi, In-chon, and Jeon-buk area. As to research tool, we produced questionnaire which was comprised of the total 25 items regarding 3 of general features (age, career of dental hygienist, and personality), 6 of implant system assist work, 3 of Informed consent before surgery, 6 of preoperative preparation and maintenance related business, and 7 items related to postoperative maintenance. By using SPSS program, collected data was analyzed. Results of analysis in this study were as follow; 1. As to implant related education, dental hygienists' experience of education was high as 77.7%, and the people who is needed more education was 86.3%. Consequently, dental hygienists' concern about the implant related education was very high. 2. It was observed that most of informed consent making approvement by announcement to the surgical operation was made by dental hygienist before implant as 95%. 3. Over 80% of dental hygienists performed acquisition of cleanliness technology, motivation, back up articles preparation, treatment area arrangement, and etc. which we can check by preoperative maintenance items. In particular, response about the motivation was very high as more than 90%. 4. When performing an operation, in the case of disinfecting finger was low for 53.9% and the method was mainly washing with drug solution, and gown sterilization was performed only in 52.2%. Therefore education regarding disinfection was urgently needed. 5. Significance of education could be known that answers of hygienists experienced education appeared highly in items of maintenance method and there was statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 6. In case that assist work were 21cases or greater, agitation measurement was the most many performed in 68.9% and difference was showed up significantly(p<0.001). 7. Evaluation about periodontal tissue was high in dental hygienists who had experienced education and also there was statistically significant difference. In conclusion, assist work of dental hygienists was very comprehensive when implant surgery was performed, and all of items excluding hand disinfection or gown disinfection were highly showed up in most of hygienists. However, since there is the limit that we didn't investigate the quality of performing contents. It is considered that further study regarding the content has to be progressed for supporting this result in the future.

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자연적인 기온과 강수량 증가로 인한 저서성 대형무척추동물 군집 구성의 변화 (Changes of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Community Composition Following Natural Temperature and Precipitation Increase)

  • 홍철;김원석;곽인실
    • 생태와환경
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    • 제50권3호
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    • pp.275-285
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    • 2017
  • 기온과 강수량의 변화에 따른 저서성 대형무척추동물 우점종의 변화를 알아보기 위하여, 섬진강 본류 20지점을 대상으로 2013년과 2014년 5월과 9월 년 2회씩 총 4회에 걸쳐 조사하였다. 서식환경에 중요한 요인으로 작용하는 기온, 강수량, 수질요인과 하상 구성을 수집하고 측정하였다. 섬진강의 평균기온은 2013년에 비해 2014년 $0.2^{\circ}C$증가하였고, 상류에서 하류로 갈수록 기온이 증가하는 양상이 뚜렷하여 $3^{\circ}C$ 이상의 차이를 보였다. 또한 연 누적강수량 (ACP)도 저위도로 갈수록 증가되었다. 섬진강은 강우 전 5월 ($7.6{\sim}11.3^{\circ}C$)에 비하여 강우 후 9월($21.7{\sim}24.5^{\circ}C$)에 기온이 2배 이상 높아지며, CP는 강우 전(263 mm~287.5 mm)과 강우 후(756.3 mm~882 mm)에 약 3배 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 여름철 집중 강우로 인한 유실효과로, 개체수와 종 수는 5월이 9월보다 높았다. 5월은 깔따구류와 세갈래하루살이, 9월은 네점하루살이, 큰줄날도래, 세갈래하루살이가 우점을 차지하였다. 생물지수와 환경요인 간의 상관성 분석 결과, 하상 구성 중 호박돌 및 모래와 높은 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 섬진강의 기온과 CP, 우점종 출현과의 집괴분석한 결과 강수량과 기온에 따라 2그룹으로 크게 나뉘었으며, 우점종과 지리적인 위치가 반영되어 세부적인 그룹으로 나뉘어짐을 파악하였다.

농촌지역 청소년의 건강행태 (Health Behaviors among Adolescents in the Rural Area in Korea)

  • 박순우
    • 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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    • 제34권2호
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    • pp.202-213
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    • 2009
  • 본 연구는 농촌지역 청소년들의 건강행태를 도시지역 청소년들과 비교하기 위해 2005년에 실시한 전국청소년건강행태 온라인 조사 자료를 이용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 흡연경험률, 중학교 입학전 흡연경험률, 음주빈도, 음주후 위험행동 경험률, 점심 및 저녁 결식, 과일 및 우유 섭취, 칫솔질 횟수, 구강질환 증상 경험, 구강 진료 경험, 구강 에방진료. 안전 및 위생의식 등의 행태에서 도시지역 청소년에 비해 바람직하지 못 한 결과를 보였다. 이러한 결과가 지역규모에 따른 차이인지 혹은 도농간의 사회경제적 수준의 격차와 관련이 있는지에 대하여 향후 추가적인 연구가 필요하다. 본 조사 결과를 통해 청소년 건강행태 개선을 위한 건강증진사업은 농촌 청소년을 대상으로 우선적으로 수행하여야 할 당위성을 확인하였다고 할 수 있다.

일부 치위생과 학생들의 신종인플루엔자 인식도 및 예방태도 (Dental hygiene students' knowledge, attitude in an influenza A (H1N1))

  • 이향님;심형순
    • 한국치위생학회지
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    • 제11권3호
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    • pp.301-311
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    • 2011
  • Objectives : In order to identify the awareness of influenza A (H1N1) having currently high frequency and risk as an infectious disease, to find problems and to reflect them on curriculum improvements from students before/after clinical practices. Methods : The data was collected from 279 dental hygiene students of 1st and 2nd years at G health college university from December 6th 2010 to December 10th 2010. The questionnaire were consisted of awareness of influenza A (H1N1), preventive attitude, sociodemographic characteristics. Results : 1. 1st year was 51.6%, the case having dental experience was 51.2%, in the infection control training experience 'had' was 46.6%. In the route acquiring the information, the mass media was 70.6%, in obtained information, personal hygiene was 82.1%. In the impact on human body, 'great impact' was 58.1%. In terms of the most need for response and preparedness, vaccination was the highest, 67.4%. People who experienced influenza A (H1N1) were 10.7%. 2. Awareness of influenza A (H1N1) was 0.71 points, and treatment and spreading mechanism was 0.78 points, prevention was 0.63 points, causes and definition was 0.53 points. 3. In the attitude for infection prevention of influenza A (H1N1), 'washing hands before practice' was the highest, 0.99 points and 'wear the mask only in case of contact with patient within 1~2 meters upon occurrence of no aerosol' was the lowest, 0.72 points. 4. Awareness of influenza A (H1N1) according to sociodemographic characteristics showed the significant differences upon the impacts on systemic health (p<0.05). Preventive attitude didn't show a significant difference in grade, clinical experience, experience in infection control training, acquiring rmation routes, the possibility for occurrence, impact on systemic health, the most need for prevention, experience in influenza A (H1N1) (p>0.05). 5. The significantly correlated between awareness of influenza A (H1N1) and preventive attitude(p<0.01). Conclusions : Information and preventive attitude for influenza A (H1N1) as well as systematic training programs to identify actual affecting factors and to improve the practice are needed. Also government's institutional support is needed.

상품성 제고를 위한 고구마 수확 후 관리 및 출하기술 (Postharvest Handling and Marketing Management for Making High Salability of Sweetpotatoes)

  • Jeong, Byeong-Choon
    • 한국식품저장유통학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국식품저장유통학회 2001년도 임시총회 및 제18차 학술발표회 발표논문초록집
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    • pp.51-64
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    • 2001
  • The qualities including taste of sweetpotato stored during the winter which can display in the spring market in Korea are affected by availability of storage for the roots. In order to make high storage availability of sweetpotato, the postharvest handlings should be done thoroughly from the moment of harvest until shipping them to the market. A lot of procedures that must be handled carefully for improving postharvest management are as follows; digging, trimming, gathering, putting in storage containers, carrying them from field to house, curing, storing, washing, drying, selecting marketable roots, packing and shipping to the market, etc.. Sweetpotatoes have a high moisture content, and a relatively thin and delicate skin, and are sensitive to chilling, so careless postharvest handling can lead to both quantitative and qualitative losses which may be extremely high in some circumstances. From now on research has concentrated on the improvement of postharvest conditions to increase yield and lower disease rates. Storage, which makes sweetpotatoes available through out the year, benefits both the producer and the consumer. Seven very important points must be needed in order to get the best quality marketable roots in the storing of sweetpotatos : $\circled1$The storage house must be clean and sanitary, $\circled2$The crop must be harvested before the first frost to avoid low-temperature injury, $\circled3$Particular care must be taken to avoid cutting, bruising, or other injuries of the sweetpotatoes during digging, picking up, grading, placing in containers, and moving to the storage house, $\circled4$Select sound, disease-free roots for storage $\circled5$Sweetpotatoes should be stored in properly stacked containers $\circled6$Cure immediately after harvest, preferably at 32∼33$^{\circ}C$ and 90 to 95 percent relative humidity for 4 to 7 days, After curing the temperature should be reduced to 13$^{\circ}C$ to 16$^{\circ}C$ by ventilating the storage with outside air. $\circled7$Store at 12$^{\circ}C$ to 14$^{\circ}C$ and a relative humidity of 80 to 85 percent. Storage houses should be located on suitable sites and should be tightly constructed and insulated so that temperature and humidity will be uniform. Sweetpotatoes are usually not washed and graded, and lately sometimes washed, graded, waxed, before being shipped to market. Consumer packaging of sweetpotatoes in paper boxes(10-15kg) or film bags is done mainly to aid marketing. The shelf life of washed roots in consumer packs in only 1 to 2 weeks. Weight loss of roots during marketing is much less in perforated film bags than in mesh and paper bags. Perforation of 0.8 to 1kg polyethylene bags with about six 6mm holes is essential ; to lower the internal relative humidity and avoid excessive sprouting, rooting, and dampness. Development and use of better postharvest handling with good storage facilities or marketing methods can minimize sweetpotate losses and has an effect of indirectly increasing productivity and farmer’s income.