• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.813-820
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• 2005

The beauty itself cannot be changed by the time, but the concept of the beauty can be influence by the time and cultural background. The purpose of this study is to analyze the beautiful faces or ugly faces among the young women and to provide useful guideline to make up for the modem concept of beauty. The facial photographs of 180 adlut women(aged between 20 and 29) in Pusan and Ulsan area were sampled to be measured and classified as the beautiful or ordinary or ugly faces. Data were analyzed by Frequencies, Mean, Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The major results were as followings; the Beautiful face has a relatively small face with a broad forehead and a small lower face. It also has a wide palpebral fissure, narrow intercanthal distance, a narrow nose and a big mouth. Physiognomic face length was 182.38mm, the upper face length was 59.82mm, the middle face length 60.82mm, the lower face length 61.76mm, and the index of face length to face breadth was 1.35. And also the faces within the figures are considered as the beautiful or ordinary or ugly faces from those measurements like face length/bizygion breadth, intercanthal distance, mouth width, upper vermilion height, lower vermilion height.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.351-360
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• 2010

Purpose: As the influence of mass media increases, the general standard of attractiveness or beauty of a face also changes. The primary purpose of the study is to find out the factors of the attractive and beautiful face recognized by public. Methods: We picked out standard model photography and operated with Adobe$^{(R)}$ Photoshop$^{(R)}$ and Monariza$^{(R)}$ virtual plastic surgery program. The contour of face, eye, nose, forehead, zygoma, chin and proportion of upper, middle, lower face were changed. The interview survey was conducted through structured standard photo for 310 respondents. That was utilized in the final analysis. Multiple regression analysis was executed by SPSS 12.0. It was used to deal with statistical data and all the other necessary analysis. Results: According to general characteristics of the respondents, many differences were found in preferred face and facial aesthetic subunits. The younger generation preferred the lozenge and inverted triangle shape contour. The respondents over 40 of age preferred the egg shape contour. In chin and zygoma contour, the respondents at the age of 20 preferred distinctly small chin and relatively small lower face. On the other hand, the respondents over 40 of age preferred the wide zygoma relatively. In the proportion of upper, middle, lower face, 51.0% of respondents answered 1 : 1 : 1. If they want to have an aesthetic operation, they preferred protruding forehead. Also they preferred the small chin and V-shaped chin in frontal view. Conclusion: Many respondents preferred to have a plastic surgery for the better facial subunit. The statistical evidence from this study suggests that the harmony and balance of facial aesthetic subunits make attractive and beautiful face.

• 감성과학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2004

한국인 20대 여성 얼굴의 DB에서 얼굴의 물리적 특징을 고루 반영하는 대표적인 얼굴들을 선정하고 감성 및 미모 평정을 실시하여 아름다운 얼굴의 감성 특징을 파악하였다. 연구 1에서는 얼굴 감성 평정을 요인 분석하였으며, 그 결과 두 개의 요인으로 전체 변량의 약 65%를 설명할 수 있었다. 이들 두 요인은 각각 샤프(sharp) 요인과 소프트(soft) 요인으로 명명되었다. 연구 2에서는 각 얼굴들에 대해 감성 평정과 미모 평정을 실시하고 둘 간의 상관을 내보았는데, 얼굴 미모는 소프트한 느낌보다는 샤프한 느낌과 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 연구 3에서는 얼굴 합성법을 이용하여 합성 이미지에 대해 미모 평정과 감성 평정을 실시하였다. 그 결과 미인들을 평균한 '상위 평균' 이미지가 '전체 평균' 이미지보다 아름답다고 평가되었으며, 그보다는 약하지만 '상위 평균' 이미지를 과장한 '상위 + 50' 이미지가 '상위 평균' 이미지보다 더 아름답다고 평가되었다. 감성 평정 결과, 전반적으로 '전체 평균' 이미지는 소프트한 느낌을, '상위 평균' 이미지는 샤프한 느낌을 지니고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, '상위 + 50' 이미지는 양쪽 느낌을 고루 지니고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 아름다운 얼굴이 감성적 특징과 연결될 수 있는 독특한 물리적 특징을 지니고 있으며 이 물리적 특징의 과장이 이중적인 감성 특징을 유발하고 더 아름답게 평정될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2006년도 춘계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.298-301
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• 2006

본 연구는 아름다운 얼굴의 시대별 특징변화를 관찰하기 위해 수행되었다. 얼굴을 구성하고 있는 물리적 요소들은 매우 복잡하여 얼굴 특징별 분류와 명명이 어렵기 때문에 본 연구에서는 얼굴의 감성모형을 활용하였다. 얼굴을 물리적 특징만으로 모형화 할 경우 다차원의 복잡한 공간으로 구성될 수밖에 없으나 감성공간으로 모형화하면 2차원의 공간에서 압축하여 설명이 가능한 장점을 가지기 때문이다. 연구의 범위를 한국의 여자 스타들의 얼굴을 중심으로 2006년 현재 매체 빈도수, 인기 검색 Site의 검색 순위, 신뢰성 있는 조사기관의 인기순위 등을 기준으로 하여 조사하였으며 연령은 20대에서 30대 초반으로 규정하였다. 또한 시간의 변화에 따른 아름다운 얼굴의 트렌드 관찰을 위해 2001년 박수진 등의 연예인 얼굴 DB의 스타얼굴과의 비교 관찰을 통하여 최근 5년간의 변화를 살필 수 있었다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.168-174
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• 2006

For over two thousand years, many artists and scientists have tried to understand or quantify the form of the perfect, ideal, or the most beautiful face both in art and in vivo(life). However, this mathematical relationship has been consistently and repeatedly reported to be present in beautiful things. This particular relationship is referred to as the golden ratio. It is a mathematical ratio of 1.618 : 1 that seems to appear recurrently in beautiful things in nature as well as in other things that are seen as beautiful. Dr. Marquardt made the facial golden mask that contains and includes all of the 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional geometric golden element formed from the golden ratio. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of the golden facial mask. In our cases(n=40), the authors applied the facial golden mask to the preoperative and postoperative photographs, and scored each photograph. Compared with the average scores of the facial mask applied photographs and none applied photographs using non-parametric test, statistical significance was not checked (p > 0.05). It means that the facial golden mask can be used for facial analysis. The facial golden mask is easy to apply, cheap and relatively objective. So, the authors introduce the one of useful facial analyses.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.215-222
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• 2003

모발의 관리와 미용을 위해 일상생활에서 $40{\sim}170^{\circ}C$의 온도로 가해진 열에 의해 손상된 모발의 외부형태와 미세구조를 주사전자현미경과 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 우리가 일상생활에서 오랜 기간 동안 헤어드라이기를 사용하였을 때 모발에는 다음과 같은 형태적 변화가 일어나서 손상되는 것을 확인하였다. 첫째, 소피의 바깥층을 이루고 있는 비늘이 들떠지는데 이것은 소피세포의 세포사이 막복합체가 분리가 되면서 일어났다. 이어서 모발의 소피층은 떨어져 나가고 피질이 노출되었다. 이차적으로 피질의 각화세포들은 macrofibrl 사이가 찧어지면서 공기 중에 노출되었고 이들 사이에 멜라닌과립들이 산재되어 있었다. 결과적으로 건조한 고열의 바람은 모발의 수분을 제거시키고 모발을 딱딱하게 만들어 탄력성을 상실시키는 것을 확인하였다. 결국, 손상된 모발은 거칠고 불규칙한 표면을 나타내며 광택을 상실하게 되는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.918-927
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• 2012

This study identified the aesthetic characteristics of the face description in late Joseon Dynasty beauty paintings. A total of 24 beauty paintings were selected as representative of the late Joseon Dynasty genre of painting works. The paintings were analyzed by the shape, color, and physiognomy of beauty trends from the components of women's faces expressed in the works of artists. The results of this study showed that the shape of the face components expressed a round, curved and thin line. Colors were expressed through Obang-sack (a traditional Korean color). Also the physiognomy of the late Joseon Dynasty's women was soft, wise, economical and brilliant. A round-forehead meant that economical and virtuous housekeeper, thin crescent shaped eyebrows denoted women of wisdom and excellent sensitivity. Single long thin eyelids and implied a women of longevity. A round curved nose were eager tobe a wise mother and a good wife. Small concave lips were desired eagerly by gentle and intelligent women. A curve face implied a subjective women of insight and good memory. In conclusion, the late Joseon Dynasty beauty paintings expressed a traditional Korean beauty face and a modern baby face. The data are useful for the aesthetic standards of modern through meaning of Korean traditional beauty.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.248-254
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• 2023

This study aims to measure the skin rigidity of different facial areas among Koreans and propose guidelines for each area's skin rigidity that can be applied with a facial robot for testing respiratory protective devices. The facial skin rigidity of 40 participants, which included 20 men and 20 women, aged 20 to 50, was analyzed. The rigidity measurement was conducted in 13 facial areas, including six areas in contact with the mask and seven non-contact areas, by referring to the facial measurement guidelines of Size Korea. The facial rigidity was measured using the Durometer RX-1600-OO while in a supine position. The measurement procedure involved contacting the durometer vertically with the reference point, repeating the measurement of the same area five times, and using the average of three values whose variability was between 0.4 and 4.2 Shore OO. The rigidity data analysis used precision analysis, descriptive statistics analysis, and mixed-effect ANOVA. The analysis confirmed the rigidity of the 13 measurement areas, with the highest rigidity of the face being at the nose and forehead points, with values of 51.2 and 50.8, respectively, and the lowest rigidity being at the chin and center of the cheek points, with values of 19.2 and 20.7, respectively. Significant differences between gender groups were observed in four areas: the tip of the nose, the point below the chin, the area below the lower jaw, and the inner concha.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.256-262
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• 2020

Background Most women consider an oval-shaped face to be youthful and beautiful. In recent years, demand has grown for surgical procedures with a shorter downtime and fewer complications. These minimally invasive procedures include botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) injection, filler injection, suction-assisted liposuction (SAL), laser-assisted lipolysis (LAL), thread lifting, and fat grafting. This study aims to introduce an effective method for creating an aesthetically pleasing lower face using a combination of minimally invasive procedures. Methods From March 2017 to March 2019, 94 patients simultaneously underwent LAL, SAL, and thread lifting. Ancillary procedures such as BoNTA injections, hyaluronic acid filler injections, and removal of the buccal fat pad (BFP) were selectively performed according to the patient's condition. Results Patients rated their postoperative satisfaction as very satisfied, satisfied, dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied. Approximately 83% of all respondents were satisfied with the results, whereas the remaining respondents had complaints regarding the outcomes. The most common reasons for dissatisfaction were a longer-than-expected recovery time and undercorrection, and the most severe complaint was skin depression as a result of overcorrection. Conclusions Our method of simultaneously performing LAL, SAL, and thread lifting, while adding BoNTA, filler injections, and BFP removal as needed, was capable of producing consistent and reliable aesthetic outcomes for the lower face.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2012

The applicability and accuracy of Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model on the estimation of soil loss at impacted area of shooting range was tested to further the understanding of soil erosion at shooting ranges by using RUSLE. At a shooting range located in northern Kyunggi, the amount of soil loss was estimated by RUSLE model and compared with that estimated by Global Positioning System-Total Station survey. As results, the annual soil loss at a study site (202 m long by 79 m wide) was estimated to be 2,915 ton/ha/year by RUSLE and 3,058 ton/ha/year by GPS-TS survey, respectively. The error between two different estimations was less than 5%, however, information on site conditions should be collected more to adjust model coefficients accurately. At the study shooting range, sediments generated by rainfall was transported from the top to near the bottom of the sloping face through sheet erosion as well as rill erosion, forming a gully along the direction of the storm water flow. Coarser fractions of the sediments were redeposited in the limited area along the channel. Distribution characteristics of explosive compounds in soil before and after summer monsoon rainfall in the study area were compared with the erosion patterns. Soil sampling and analyses results showed that the dispersion of explosive compounds in surface soil was consistent with the characteristics of soil erosion and redeposition pattern of sediment movements after rainfalls.