• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.158-166
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• 2023

Background: Copy number variation (CNV) can be identified using next-generation sequencing and microarray technologies, the research on the analysis of its association with meat traits in livestock breeding has significantly increased in recent years. Hanwoo is an inherent species raised in the Republic of Korea. It is now considered one of the most economically important species and a major food source mainly used for meat (Hanwoo beef). Methods: In this study, CNVs and the relationship between the obtained CNV regions (CNVRs) can be identified in the Hanwoo steer samples (n = 473) using Illumina Hanwoo SNP 50K bead chip and bioinformatic tools, which were used to locate the required data and meat traits were investigated. The PennCNV software was used for the identification of CNVs, followed by the use of the CNV Ruler software for locating the different CNVRs. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis was performed. Results: We found a total of 2,575 autosomal CNVs (933 losses, 1,642 gains) and 416 CNVRs (289 gains, 111 losses, and 16 mixed), which were established with ranged in size from 2,183 bp to 983,333 bp and 10,004 bp to 381,836 bp, respectively. Upon analyzing the restriction of minor alleles frequency > 0.05 for meat traits association, 6 CNVRs in the carcass weight, 2 CNVRs in the marbling score, 3 CNVRs in the backfat thickness, and 2 CNVRs in the longissimus muscle area were related to the meat traits. In addition, we identified an overlap of 347 CNVRs. Moreover, 3 CNVRs were determined to have a gene that affects meat quality. Conclusions: Our results confirmed the relationship between Hanwoo CNVR and meat traits, and the possibility of overlapping candidate genes, annotations, and quantitative trait loci that results depended on to contribute to the greater understanding of CNVs in Hanwoo and its role in genetic variation among cattle livestock.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.486-491
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• 2011

Objective : Structural genetic variation, including copy-number variation (CNV), constitutes a substantial fraction of total genetic variability, and the importance of structural variants in modulating susceptibility is increasingly being recognized. CNV can change biological function and contribute to pathophysiological conditions of human disease. Its relationship with common, complex human disease in particular is not fully understood. Here, we searched the human genome to identify copy number variants that predispose to moya-moya type cerebrovascular disease. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed patients who had unilateral or bilateral steno-occlusive lesions at the cerebral artery from March, 2007, to September, 2009. For the 20 subjects, including patients with moyamoya type pathologies and three normal healthy controls, we divided the subjects into 4 groups : typical moyamoya (n=6), unilateral moyamoya (n=9), progression unilateral to typical moyamoya (n=2) and non-moyamoya (n=3). Fragmented DNA was hybridized on Human610Quad v1.0 DNA analysis BeadChips (Illumina). Data analysis was performed with GenomeStudio v2009.1, Genotyping 1.1.9, cnvPartition_v2.3.4 software. Overall call rates were more than 99.8%. Results : In total, 1258 CNVs were identified across the whole genome. The average number of CNV was 45.55 per subject (CNV region was 45.4). The gain/loss of CNV was 52/249, having 4.7 fold higher frequencies in loss calls. The total CNV size was 904,657,868, and average size was 993,038. The largest portion of CNVs (613 calls) were 1M-10M in length. Interestingly, significant association between unilateral moyamoya disease (MMD) and progression of unilateral to typical moyamoya was observed. Conclusion : Significant association between unilateral MMD and progression of unilateral to typical moyamoya was observed. The finding was confirmed again with clustering analysis. These data demonstrate that certain CNV associate with moyamoya-type cerebrovascular disease.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.785-795
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• 1997

Background : Tumor markers have been used in diagnosis, predicting the extent of disease, monitoring recurrence after therapy and prediction of prognosis. But the utility of markers in lung cancer has been limited by low sensitivity and specificity. TPA-M is recently developed marker using combined monoclonal antibody of Cytokeratin 8, 18, and 19. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of new tumor marker, TPA-M by comparing the estabilished markers SCC, CEA, Cyfra21-1 in lung cancer. Method : An immunoradiometric assay of serum CEA, sec, Cyfra21-1, and TPA-M was performed in 49 pathologically confirmed lung cancer patients who visited Keimyung University Hospital from April 1996 to August 1996, and 29 benign lung diseases. Commercially available kits, Ab bead CEA (Eiken) to CEA, SCC RIA BEAD (DAINABOT) to SCC, CA2H (TFB) to Cyfra2H. and TPA-M (DAIICHI) to TPA-M were used for this study. Results : The mean serum values of lung cancer group and control group were $10.05{\pm}38.39{\mu}/L$, $1.59{\pm}0.94{\mu}/L$ in CEA, $3.04{\pm}5.79{\mu}/L$, $1.58{\pm}2.85{\mu}/L$ in SCC, $8.27{\pm}11.96{\mu}/L$, $1.77{\pm}2.72{\mu}/L$ in Cyfra21-1, and $132.02{\pm}209.35\;U/L$, $45.86{\pm}75.86\;U/L$ in TPA-M respectively. Serum values of Cyfra21-1 and TPA-M in lung cancer group were higher than control group (p<0.05). Using cutoff value recommended by the manufactures, that is $2.5{\mu}/L$ in CEA, $3.0{\mu}/L$ in Cyfra21-1, 70.0 U/L in TPA-M, and $2.0{\mu}/L$ in SCC, sensitivity and specificity of lung cancer were 33.3%, 78.6% in CEA, 50.0%, 89.7% in Cyfra21-1, 52.3%, 89.7% in TPA-M, 23.8%, 89.3% in SCC. Sensitivity and specificity of nonsmall cell lung cancer were 36.1%, 78.1% in CEA, 50.1%, 89.7% in Cyfra21-1, 53.1%, 89.7% in TPA-M, 33.8%, 89.3% in SCC. Sensitivity and specificity of small cell lung cancer were 25.0%, 78.5% in CEA, 50.0%, 89.6% in Cyfra21-1, 50.0%, 89.6% in TPA-M, 0%, 89.2% in SCC. Cutoff value according to ROC(Receiver operating characteristics) curve was $1.25{\mu}/L$ in CEA, $1.5{\mu}/L$ in Cyfra2-1, 35 U/L in TPA-M, $0.6{\mu}/L$ in SCC. With this cutoff value, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and kappa index of Cyfra21-1 and TPA-M were better than CEA and SCC. SCC only was related with statistic significance to TNM stages, dividing to operable stages(TNM stage I to IIIA) and inoperable stages (IIIB and IV) (p<0.05). But no tumor markers showed any correlation with significance with tumor size(p>0.05). Conclusion : Serum TPA-M and Cyfra21-1 shows higher sensitivity and specificity than CEA and SCC in overall lung cancer and nonsmall cell lung cancer those were confirmed pathologically. SCC has higher specificity in nonsmall cell lung cancer. And the level of serum sec are signiticantly related with TNM staging.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.605-610
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• 2011

Phase holdup characteristics of relatively large and small bubbles were investigated in a three-phase(gasliquid-solid) fluidized bed of which diameter was 0.105 m(ID) and 2.5 m in height, respectively. Effects of gas(0.01~0.07 m/s) and liquid velocities(0.01~0.07 m/s) and particle size($0.5{\sim}3.0{\times}10^{-3}m$) on the holdups of relatively large and small bubbles were determined. The holdups of two kinds of bubbles in three phase fluidized beds were estimated by means of static pressure drop method with the knowledge of pressure drops corresponding to each kind of bubble, respectively, which were obtained by dynamic gas disengagement method. Dried and filtered air which was regulated by gas regulator, tap water and glass bead of which density was $2500kg/m^3$ were served as a gas, a liquid and a fluidized solid phase, respectively. The two kinds of bubbles in three-phase fluidized beds, relatively large and small bubbles, were effectively detected and distinguished by measuring the pressure drop variation after stopping the gas and liquid flow into the column as a step function: The increase slope of pressure drop with a variation of elapsed time was quite different from each other. It was found that the holdup of relatively large bubbles increased with increasing gas velocity but decreased with liquid velocity. However, the holdup showed a local minimum with a variation of size of fluidized solid particles. The holdup of relatively small bubbles increased with an increase in the gas velocity or solid particle size, while it decreased slightly with an increase in the liquid velocity. The holdups of two kinds of bubbles were well correlated in terms of operating variables within this experimental conditions, respectively.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.453-459
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• 2015

Split-flow thin cell fractionation (SPLITT fractionation, SF) is a particle separation technique that allows continuous (and thus a preparative scale) separation into two subpopulations based on the particle size or the density. In SF, there are two basic performance parameters. One is the throughput (TP), which was defined as the amount of sample that can be processed in a unit time period. Another is the fractionation efficiency (FE), which was defined as the number % of particles that have the size predicted by theory. Full-feed depletion mode (FFD-SF) have only one inlet for the sample feed, and the channel is equipped with a flow stream splitter only at the outlet in SF mode. In conventional FFD-mode, it was difficult to extend channel due to splitter in channel. So, we use large scale splitter-less FFD-SF to increase TP from increase channel scale. In this study, a FFD-SF channel was developed for a large-scale fractionation, which has no flow stream splitters (‘splitter less’), and then was tested for optimum TP and FE by varying the sample concentration and the flow rates at the inlet and outlet of the channel. Polyurethane (PU) latex beads having two different size distribution (about 3~7 µm, and about 2~30 µm) were used for the test. The sample concentration was varied from 0.2 to 0.8% (wt/vol). The channel flow rate was varied from 70, 100, 120 and 160 mL/min. The fractionated particles were monitored by optical microscopy (OM). The sample recovery was determined by collecting the particles on a 0.1 µm membrane filter. Accumulation of relatively large micron sized particles in channel could be prevented by feeding carrier liquid. It was found that, in order to achieve effective TP, the concentration of sample should be at higher than 0.4%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.327-334
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of the present study was to validate genes and genomic regions associated with carcass weight using a low-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Chip in Hanwoo cattle breed. Methods: Commercial Hanwoo steers (n = 220) were genotyped with 20K GeneSeek genomic profiler BeadChip. After applying the quality control of criteria of a call rate ${\geq}90%$ and minor allele frequency (MAF) ${\geq}0.01$, a total of 15,235 autosomal SNPs were left for genome-wide association (GWA) analysis. The GWA tests were performed using single-locus mixed linear model. Age at slaughter was fitted as fixed effect and sire included as a covariate. The level of genome-wide significance was set at $3.28{\times}10^{-6}$ (0.05/15,235), corresponding to Bonferroni correction for 15,235 multiple independent tests. Results: By employing EMMAX approach which is based on a mixed linear model and accounts for population stratification and relatedness, we identified 17 and 16 loci significantly (p<0.001) associated with carcass weight for the additive and dominant models, respectively. The second most significant (p = 0.000049) SNP (ARS-BFGL-NGS-28234) on bovine chromosome 4 (BTA4) at 21 Mb had an allele substitution effect of 43.45 kg. Some of the identified regions on BTA2, 6, 14, 22, and 24 were previously reported to be associated with quantitative trait loci for carcass weight in several beef cattle breeds. Conclusion: This is the first genome-wide association study using SNP chips on commercial Hanwoo steers, and some of the loci newly identified in this study may help to better DNA markers that determine increased beef production in commercial Hanwoo cattle. Further studies using a larger sample size will allow confirmation of the candidates identified in this study.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.255-265
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• 2015

In this study, the potash glass beads of 281 samples in 30 sites analyzed until now were classified according to the chemical composition. And the color, size, manufacturing technique and distribution period were compared. Korea potash glass beads are divided into 3 types depending on the stabilizer content. I, II type is the CaO and $Al_2O_3$ content of less than 5%. Relatively, I type has a high CaO and II type has a high $Al_2O_3$. In contrast, III type comprises more than CaO 5%. I, II type is the saltpetre, III type is estimated using plant ash as row material of flux. A review of the properties by type, I type is cobalt blue, copper blue and purple beads. The outer diameter is sized to the range 1.4~7.4mm. Also it was produced by the drawing technique. It was used continuously from BC 1C until around AD 6C. On the other hand, II type is outer diameter of 1.9~3.6mm and a copper blue beads. manufacturing technique is the same as the I type. This seems to have been in use since around AD 1C to 4C. Finally, III type is brown, colorless, amber beads and an outer diameter of about 10mm. It was formed by winding technique and appeared in the tombs of Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty. As a result, 3 types of potash glass beads distributed in Korea is likely to flowing through the various trade routes from different provenances.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.577-585
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• 1996

Effects of various factors on the phenol degradation by activated sludge immobilized with the photo-crosslinked resin were investigated. The optimum pH on the degradation of phenol in both free and immobilized activated sludge was 7. When the pH of the reaction was varied from 5 to 10, the relative activity of the phenol degradation by the immobilized activated sludge was higher than that by the free activated sludge. A higher rate of phenol degradation was observed when a bead size was smaller. The phenol degradation in the free activated sludge was inhibited at the 3000 mg/L of phenol, while that in the immobilized activated sludge was maintained at the same concentration for 28 hrs without an inhibition. The degradation rates of phenol were not directly proportional to the increasing amount of immobilized beads dosage, but the phenol degradation was made in a rather short time than that for a free sludge system. The relative activities of the immobilized activated sludge after 7 runs of repeated reactions increased about 8 times as that of the first reaction. The activities for the phenol degradation remained stable for at least 80 days when the immobilized activated sludge was stored at an aerobic condition in the wastewater containing phenol. The loading rate as high as 5.59 kg-pheno1/㎥.d could have been achieved during the continuous treatment of phenol by the immobilized activated sludge.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1691-1699
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• 2018

Objective: In Korea, there are three main cattle breeds, which are distinguished by coat color: Brown Hanwoo (BH), Brindle Hanwoo (BRH), and Jeju Black (JB). In this study, we sought to compare the genetic diversity and divergence among there Korean cattle breeds using a BovineHD chip genotyping array. Methods: Sample data were collected from 168 cattle in three populations of BH (48 cattle), BRH (96 cattle), and JB (24 cattle). The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was performed using the Illumina BovineHD SNP 777K Bead chip. Results: Heterozygosity, used as a measure of within-breed genetic diversity, was higher in BH (0.293) and BRH (0.296) than in JB (0.266). Linkage disequilibrium decay was more rapid in BH and BRH than in JB, reaching an average $r^2$ value of 0.2 before 26 kb in BH and BRH, whereas the corresponding value was reached before 32 kb in JB. Intra-population, interpopulation, and Fst analyses were used to identify candidate signatures of positive selection in the genome of a domestic Korean cattle population and 48, 11, and 11 loci were detected in the genomic region of the BRH breed, respectively. A Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree showed two main groups: a group comprising BH and BRH on one side and a group containing JB on the other. The runs of homozygosity analysis between Korean breeds indicated that the BRH and JB breeds have high inbreeding within breeds compared with BH. An analysis of differentiation based on a high-density SNP chip showed differences between Korean cattle breeds and the closeness of breeds corresponding to the geographic regions where they are evolving. Conclusion: Our results indicate that although the Korean cattle breeds have common features, they also show reliable breed diversity.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.101-106
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• 2014

The glass/Ta(5.8 nm)/NiFe(5 nm)/Cu(2.3 nm)/NiFe(3 nm)/IrMn(12 nm)/Ta(5.8 nm) GMR-SV (giantmagneto-resistance-spin valve) multilayer structure films with a magnetoresistance ratio (MR) of 5.0 % and a magnetic sensitivity (MS) of 1.5%/Oe was deposited by dc magnetron sputtering method. Also, GMR-SV device having a width of $7{\mu}m{\sim}8{\mu}m$ similar to the diameter of RBC (red blood cell) was fabricated by the light lithography process. When RBCs coupled with several magnetic beads with a diameter of $1{\mu}m$ dropped upon the GMR-SV device having MR = 1.06% and MS = 0.3 %/Oe, there is observed the variation of about included of a resistance value of ${\Delta}R=0.4{\Omega}$ and ${\Delta}MR=0.15%$ around a external magnetic field of -0.6 Oe. From these results, the GMR-SV device having the width magnitude of a few micron size can be applied as the biosensor for the analysis of a new magnetic property of hemoglobin inside of RBC combined to magnetic beads.