• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 1977

Washing efficiency of detergents were investigated by measuring of surface reflectance after cotton fabrics soiled in bath which consist of carbon black, palmitic acid, liquid paraffin and carbon tetrachloride were treated in Laundry-tester. Detergents used were soaps and synthetic detergents being on the marketing. Results of this study indicate that soaps were superior to synthetic detergents. Washing continued three times repeatedly in the same bath and washing in the bath which is kept for 24 hours after one washing, both of the washing efficiencies are found no appreciable change.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.136-136
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• 2012

Cu 박막이 pyrophosphate baths로부터 전기도금공정에 의해 제조되었으며, 전류밀도 및 도금온도가 Cu 박막의 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 전류 밀도 및 도금온도 모두 전류효율, 잔류응력, 표면형상, 미세조직에 상당한 영향을 미쳤음을 알 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.213-221
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• 2008

In this study, a dye bath was made using a mixture of distilled water, pine needle extract and bamboo vinegar. Analysis and comparison of various functions of cotton fabrics dyed using bamboo charcoal and gardenia seeds in distilled water and in the dye bath mixture were done. The summary of the results is as follows. Comparing bamboo vinegar and the pine needle extracts, the bamboo vinegar had a higher antibacterial function. In the case of natural dyeing cotton fabrics using bamboo charcoal and gardenia seeds, the additional amount of dyestuff for optimization is 10 g and 20 g respectively per 1 liter of distilled water. The suitable dye bath mixture ratio of distilled water, pine needle extract, and bamboo vinegar considering functionality and economical efficiency of dyed fabrics is 4:3:3. By using the mixture made in this study as a dye bath, improved antibacterial function, deodorization, and colorfastness can be obtained more than distilled water alone.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.219-228
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• 1996

Neutral Zinc Electroplating(NZE) utilizing the electrolyte of pH 6 to 8 has advantages in waste treatment and the protection of equipment. NZE is beneficially used in chromating treatment, but the limiting current density and the current efficiency are low. Therefore this study is investigated to analyse the characteristics of NZE and to obtain high current density and current efficiency. The deposition potential of zinc in the NZE bath is about 110mV, which is lower than acidic bath. The current density possibily increases up to 60A/d$\m^2$ in lower complexing agent content and pH 6. More than 90% of cathodic current efficiency was obtained in NZE bath. The NZE morphology shows smaller grains than acidic bath. The addition of 4$m\ell$/1 second brightener gives finer morphology. As pH becomes higher, (002) plan decreases and (100), (101) and (110) planes increase in the no additives solution.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.379-388
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• 1998

The iron-zinc interfacial reaction and corrosin properties in galvanizing bath containning Ni have been intestigated. The substrate steel plates were galvanized in Zn or Zn-0.018Al baths with various Ni contents. The corrosion resistance of galvanized specimens was also evaluated by $60^{\circ}$bending test for galvannealing speaaimens. The corrosion resistance was improved with Ni addition in pure Zn bath, while deteriorated with Ni addition in Zn-0.18Al bath. The anti-powdering property, on thhe otherhand, was improved with Ni addition in Zn-0.18Al bath, while deteriorated with Ni addition in pure Zn. It was found that the anti-powdering property was improved with increasing $\xi$ phase ratio in reaction layer.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2010

This paper presents the influence of various flexural strengthening design criteria specified by three important design guidelines (ACI440, TR55, FIB14) on the resulting strength, ductility and conservativeness of FRP strengthened RC elements. Various generalised mathematical relations in non-dimensional form are presented that can be employed to develop design aids for the FRP-strengthening process. A design methodology is prescribed based on these equations enabling the designer to optimally and intuitively incorporate sufficient ductility while designing for strength. In order to better interpret conservativeness within design codes, four distinct levels of embedded conservativeness are identified, which cover the entire range of sources of conservativeness. Finally, a detailed parametric study is presented, using the proposed design equations and methodology, to determine the influence of each of these four levels of conservativeness on final design solutions. Specific criteria that are useful while calibrating design guidelines are also presented.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.20
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• pp.56-61
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• 1999

The purpose this study was to examine the actual condition and trends in changing the seating style in the house, focusing on the behavioral posture. The data was collected through the self-entry questionnaire designed for this study and the sample of 400 in total, 200 cases from Korea and 200 cases from Japav. The major findings were as the following : the seating style of Korean and japanese female university students were the floor-seating trends in the present conditiov. But they generally preferred the chair seating in the future. In the present seating style, the chair seating style has included bath, study, dinner, sleep, make-up, rest and family communication in that order by Korean Female university students ; the chair seating style has included sleep, study, dinner, make-up, bath, rest and family communication in that order by japanese. In the future seating style, the chair seating style has included study, make-up, dinner, sleep, bath, family communication and rest in that order by Korean ; the chair seating style sleep, study·make-up, dinner, family communication, rest and bath in that order by Japanese.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 2014

Salt bath heat treatment is usually used but recently vacuum heat treatment is increased for the heat treatment of hot work die steels. The differences in two heat treatment processes were compared by testing the mechanical properties of heat treated products. With two different features of processes, mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength and impact strength of products show very different results. In this study salt bath heat treated products showed higher tensile strength and impact strength than vacuum heat treated products but hardness was not much different. These lower mechanical properties of vacuum heat treated products are due to differences in heating and quenching process.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.41-56
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• 2014

A series of microporous PVDF membranes were prepared by isothermal immersionprecipitation of PVDF/TEP casting dopes in both soft and harsh coagulation baths. Morphologies of the membranes' top surfaces were found to depend strongly on the bath strength, which could be controlled by the TEP content in the bath. By changing the bath gradually from pure water to 70% TEP, the top surface evolved from a dense skin-like (asymmetric) to a totally open porous morphology (symmetric). The latter structure could similarly be obtained by precipitation of the same dope in an alcoholic bath, e.g., 1-butanol. Membrane distillation processes to desalt sodium chloride aqueous solutions were conducted using various prepared membranes and two commercial microporous membranes, PTFE (Toyo, Japan, code: J020A330R) and PVDF (GE, USA, code: YMJWSP3001). The permeation fluxes were compared and correlated with the morphologies of the tested membranes.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.8 no.1 s.28
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• pp.30-36
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• 2005

A sludge treatment system for introducing the waste water mixture with paint sludge from the water bath of paint booth and for recycling cleaned water to paint booth after sludge separation is developed. Floated sludge is introduced from the water surface in the bath by using floating-skimmer, and is conveyed by pump to the centrifugal separator where sludge and cleaned water are separated. From the operation results of the present sludge treatment systems applied in actual paint booths, paint sludge can be separated automatically and effectively from water bath with its water content of $60-70\%$, and sludge-free clean water is returned to paint booth.