• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.17-31
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• 2023

An activity-based model requires detailed population information to model individual travel behavior in a disaggregated manner. The recent innovative approach developed deep generative models with novel regularization terms that improves fidelity and diversity for population synthesis. Since the method relies on measuring the distance between distribution boundaries of the sample data and the generated sample, it is crucial to obtain well-defined continuous representation from the discretized dataset. Therefore, we propose an improved entity embedding models to enhance the performance of the regularization terms, which indirectly supports the synthesis in terms of feasible and diverse populations. Our results show a 28.87% improvement in the F1 score compared to the baseline method.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.97-104
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• 2024

Heavy reliance on glucose metabolism and a reduced capacity to use ketone bodies makes glioblastoma (GBM) a promising candidate for ketone-based therapies. Ketogenic diet (KD) is well-known for its promising effects in controlling tumor growth in GBM. Moreover, synthetic ketone ester (KE) has demonstrated to increase blood ketone levels and enhance animal survival in a metastatic VM-M3 murine tumor model. Here, we compared the efficacy of a KE-supplemented Atkins-type diet (ATD-KE) to a classic KD in controlling tumor progression and enhancing survival in a clinically relevant orthotopic patient-derived xenograft GBM model. Our findings demonstrate that ATD-KE preserves body weight (percent change from the baseline; 112±2.99 vs. 116.9±2.52 and 104.8±3.67), decreases blood glucose (80.55±0.86 vs. 118.6±9.51 and 52.35±3.89 mg/dl), and increases ketone bodies in blood (1.15±0.03 mM vs. 0.55±0.04 and 2.66±0.21 mM) and brain tumor tissue (3.35±0.30 mM vs. 2.04±0.3 and 4.25±0.25 mM) comparable to the KD (results presented for ATD-KE vs. standard diet [STD] and KD, respectively). Importantly, the ATD-KE treatment significantly enhanced survival compared to the STD and was indistinguishable from the KD (47 days in STD vs. 56 days in KD and ATD-KE), suggesting that a nutritionally balanced low carbohydrate ATD combined with KE may be as effective as the KD alone in reducing brain tumor progression. Overall, these data support the rationale for clinical testing of KE-supplemented low-carb diet as an adjunct treatment for brain tumor patients.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.199-207
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• 2000

Objectives : This study was peformed to identify the risk factors related to the development of hypertension in a rural area. Method : Total of 3,573 subjects in Chung-Song County were interviewed and examined in 1996. The study cohort comprised 2,580 hypertension-free subjects aged above 20. One-year follow up was completed for 1,781 subjects(69.0%) in 1997. General characteristics(age, gender, education level, economic status, marital status), the family history of hypertension, diet, alcohol, smoking, coffee, stress, past history of oral contraceptive and menopausal status in female, height, weight, waist and hip circumference, baseline blood pressure, and serum total cholesterol were considered as risk factors. Results : Multivariate analysis using logistic regression model indicated that age(RH=1.50, 95% CI; 1.15-1.96), the family history of hypertension(RR=2.11, 95% CI; 1.04-4.26), waist-hip ratio(WHR) (RR=2.09, 95%, CI; 1.15-3.79), and baseline systolic blood pressure(130-139/<120mmHg)(RR=3.34, 95% CI; 1.47-7.60) were significant risk factors associated with the development of hypertension above the borderline level in male. In female, age(RR=1.06, 95% CI; 1.03-1.09), change in menopausal status$(no{\rightarrow}yes/no{\rightarrow}no)$ (RR=3.32, 95% CI; 1.01-10.87), baseline systolic blood pressure(120-129/<120mmHg: RR=2.00, 95% CI; 1.02-3.90)(130-139/<120mmHg: RR=2.64, 95% CI; 1.34-5.20) and baseline diastolic blood pressure(85-89/<80mmHg)(RR=4.09, 95% CI; 1.86-8.96) were identified as risk factors. Conclusions : Age and high normal blood pressure were significant risk factors for the development of hypertension above the borderline level. In addition, the family history of hypertension and WHR in men, and the change of menopausal status in women might be significant risk factors in Korea.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.422-427
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• 1999

Background: Tachycardia induced heart failure model would be the model of choice for the dilated cardiomyopathy. This more closely resembles the clinical syndrome and does not require major surgical trauma, myocardial ischemia and pharmacological or toxic depression of cardiac function. When heart failure is progressive, application of new surgical procedures to the faling heart is highly risky. It has been shown that recovery trajectory from heart failure is a new method in decreasing animal mortality. The purpose is to establish the control datas for recovery trajectory in the canine heart failure model. Material and Method: 21 mongrel dogs were studied at 4 stages(baseline, at the heart failure, 4 and 8 weeks after recovery). Heart failure was induced during 4 weeks of continuous rapid pacing using a pacemaker. Eight weeks of trajectory of recovery period was allowed. Indices of left ventricular function and dimension were measured every 2 weeks and the hemodynamics were measured by use of Swan-Ganz catheterization and thermodilution method every 4 weeks. Values were expressed as mean${\pm}$standard deviation. Result: 4(20%) dogs died due to heart failure. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume at the 4 stages were 40.8${\pm}$7.4, 82.1${\pm}$21.1, 59.9${\pm}$7.7 and 46.5${\pm}$6.5ml. Left ventricular end-systolic volume showed the same trend. Ejection fractions were 50.6${\pm}$4.1, 17.5${\pm}$5.8, 36.3${\pm}$7.3, and 41.5${\pm}$2.4%. Blood pressure and heart rate showed no significant changes. Pressures of central vein, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary capillary wedge showed significant increase during the heart failure period, normalizing at the end of recovery period. Stroke volumes were 21.5${\pm}$8.2, 12.3${\pm}$3.5, 17.9${\pm}$4.6, and 15.5${\pm}$3.4ml. Blood norepinephrine level was 133.3${\pm}$60.0pg/dL at the baseline and 479.4${\pm}$327.3pg/dL at the heart failure stage(p=0.008). Conclusion: Development of tachycardia induced heart failure model is of high priority due to ready availability and reasonable amenability to measurements. Recovery trajectory after cessation of tachycardia showed reduction of cardiac dilatation and heart function. Application of new surgical procedures during the recovery period could decrease animal mortality.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.341-354
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• 2023

The title of a document is the brief summarization of the document. Readers can easily understand a document if we provide them with its title in their preferred styles and the languages. In this research, we propose a cross-lingual and style-based title generation model using multiple adapters. To train the model, we need a parallel corpus in several languages with different styles. It is quite difficult to construct this kind of parallel corpus; however, a monolingual title generation corpus of the same style can be built easily. Therefore, we apply a zero-shot strategy to generate a title in a different language and with a different style for an input document. A baseline model is Transformer consisting of an encoder and a decoder, pre-trained by several languages. The model is then equipped with multiple adapters for translation, languages, and styles. After the model learns a translation task from parallel corpus, it learns a title generation task from monolingual title generation corpus. When training the model with a task, we only activate an adapter that corresponds to the task. When generating a cross-lingual and style-based title, we only activate adapters that correspond to a target language and a target style. An experimental result shows that our proposed model is only as good as a pipeline model that first translates into a target language and then generates a title. There have been significant changes in natural language generation due to the emergence of large-scale language models. However, research to improve the performance of natural language generation using limited resources and limited data needs to continue. In this regard, this study seeks to explore the significance of such research.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to compare the effects on the resistance to demineralization by the frequency and method of fluoride application in vitro. ninety-one human enamel specimens were embedded in acrylic resin with the labial surfaces exposes. The specimens were divided into 7 groups; (1) non-treated; (2) 1.23% APF gel 1 time; (3) 2% NaF sol 1 time; (4) 2% NaF sol iontophoresis 1 time; (5) 1.23% APF gel 4 time; (6) 2% NaF sol 4 time; (7) 2% NaF sol iontophoresis 4 time. All the groups were immersed in the remineralizing solution (RS) before baseline and divided into 7 test groups of 13 specimens each. All the specimens were exposed to a pH-cycling model which consisted of demineralization (6 hours) and remineralization (18 hours) for 5 days. The Vickers surface micro-hardness number of all the specimens was measured using microhardness tester and the specimen surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed a Tukey's multiple comparison at a significance level of 0.05. The group 7 showed higher level of microhardness after Fluoride application. The group 1 showed lowest level of microhardness but group 7 showed higher level of microhardness after pH-cycling model, there were significant differences between groups. After the modified pH-cycling, the 2% NaF solution with the iontophoresis group showed the best resistance to demineralization(p<0.05). These results were also confirmed by SEM. The fluoride iontophoresis method was the most effective of the regimens in increasing the acid resistance of the enamel.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.603-612
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• 1999

Background : It has been documented that brief repetitive periods of ischemia and reperfusion (ischemic preconditioning, IP) enhances the recovery of post-ischemic contractile function and reduces infarct size after a longer period of ischemia. Many mechanisms have been proposed to explain this process. Recent studies have suggested that transient increase in the intracellular calcium may have triggered the activation of protein kinase C(PKC); however, there are still many controversies. Accordingly, the author performed the present study to test the hypothesis that preconditioning with high concentration of calcium before sustained subsequent ischemia(calcium preconditioning) mimics IP by PKC activation. Material and Method : The isolated hearts from the New Zealand White rabbits(1.5∼2.0 kg body weight) Method: The isolated hearts from the New Zealand White rabbits(1.5∼2.0 kg body weight) were perfused with Tyrode solution by Langendorff technique. After stabilization of baseline hemodynamics, the hearts were subjected to 45-minute global ischemia followed by a 120-minute reperfusion with IP(IP group, n=13) or without IP(ischemic control, n=10). IP was induced by single episode of 5-minute global ischemia and 10-minute reperfusion. In the Ca2+ preconditioned group, perfusate containing 10(n=10) or 20 mM(n=11) CaCl2 was perfused for 10 minutes after 5-minute ischemia followed by a 45-minute global ischemia and a 120-minute reperfusion. Baseline PKC was measured after 50-minute perfusion without any treatment(n=5). Left ventricular function including developed pressure(LVDP), dP/dt, heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure(LVEDP) and coronary flow(CF) was measured. Myo car ial cytosolic and membrane PKC activities were measured by 32P-${\gamma}$-ATP incorporation into PKC-specific pepetide. The infarct size was determined using the TTC (tetrazolium salt) staining and planimetry. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) variance(ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc test. Result: IP increased the functional recovery including LVDP, dP/dt and CF(p<0.05) and lowered the ascending range of LVEDP(p<0.05); it also reduced the infarct size from 38% to 20%(p<0.05). In both of the Ca2+ preconditioned group, functional recovery was not significantly different in comparison with the ischemic control, however, the infarct size was reduced to 19∼23%(p<0.05). In comparison with the baseline(7.31 0.31 nmol/g tissue), the activities of the cytosolic PKC tended to decrease in both the IP and Ca2+ preconditioned groups, particularly in the 10 mM Ca2+ preconditioned group(4.19 0.39 nmol/g tissue, p<0.01); the activity of membrane PKC was significantly increased in both IP and 10 mM Ca2+ preconditioned group (p<0.05; 1.84 0.21, 4.00 0.14, and 4.02 0.70 nmol/g tissue in the baseline, IP, and 10 mM Ca2+ preconditioned group, respectively). However, the activity of both PKC fractions were not significantly different between the baseline and the ischemic control. Conclusion: These results indicate that in isolated Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart model, calcium preconditioning with high concentration of calcium does not improve post-ischemic functional recovery. However, it does have an effect of limiting(reducing) the infart size by ischemic preconditioning, and this cardioprotective effect, at least in part, may have resulted from the activation of PKC by calcium which acts as a messenger(or trigger) to activate membrane PKC.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.105-110
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• 2012

Recently, all of the world are facing with a serious environmental crisis of global warming due to excessive energy consumptions. The Korean Government, taking over 97% of dependence on foreign energy, has made various efforts on reducing energy and greenhouse gas emission under the motto of "Low-Carbon Green Growth". Since the building sector takes 24% of domestic energy consumption, many design standards and regulations on saving energy in new buildings have been established. However, applications of energy saving designs and techniques on the remodeling process at deteriorated buildings including educational ones have been lack. Under a situation where the number of deteriorated schools accounts for up to 50%, this paper evaluated the performances of factors for reducing energy at deteriorated middle school buildings through an energy simulation tool on a standard school model. As a result, among factors of insulation, window's SHGC, southern louver, indoor setup temperature, and system efficiency, all other factors except window's SHGC and southern louver proved contribute to reduce energy at deteriorated middle school buildings, compared with the baseline energy consumption.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.7 no.7
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• pp.785-793
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• 2006

The topic of this study is the control strategy of a mild hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) equipped with a continuously variable transmission (CVT). A brief powertrain and vehicle configuration is introduced followed by the control strategy of the HEV with emphasis on two key parts. One of them is an ideal operating surface (IOS) that operates the CVT powertrain optimally from the viewpoint of the tank-to-wheel efficiency. The other is a charge sustaining energy management to maintain the battery state of charge (SOC) within an appropriate level. The fuel economy simulation results of the HEV over standard driving cycles were compared with those of the baseline vehicle. Depending on the driving cycle, 1.3-20% fuel saving potential is predicted by the mild hybridisation using an integrated starter alternator (ISA). The detailed energy flow analysis shows that the majority of the improvement comes from the idle stop function and the benefits for electrical accessories. Additionally, the differences between the initial and the final SOC are in the range $-1.0{\sim}+3.8%$ in the examined cycle.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.343-346
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• 2002

Toward more accurate determination of the water cycle in association with climate variability and change as well as baseline data on the impacts of this variability on water resources, the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) was launched on July 1,2001. The preliminary data period, EOP-1, was implemented from July to September in 2001. The first annual enhanced observing period, EOP-3, is going to start on October 1,2002. CEOP is seeking to achieve a database of common measurements from both in situ and satellite remote sensing, model output, and four-dimensional data analyses (4DDA; including global and regional reanalyses) for a specified period. In this context a number of carefully selected reference stations are linked closely with the existing network of observing sites involved in the GEWEX Continental Scale Experiments, which are distributed across the world. The initial step of CEOP is to develop a pilot global hydro-climatological dataset with global consistency under the climate variability that can be used to help validate satellite hydrology products and evaluate, develop and eventually predict water and energy cycle processes in global and regional models. Based on the dataset, we will address the studies on the inter-comparison and inter-connectivity of the monsoon systems and regional water and energy budget, and a path to down-scaling from the global climate to local water resources, as the second step.