• 한국멀티미디어학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국멀티미디어학회 2012년도 춘계학술발표대회논문집
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• pp.158-159
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• 2012

Heterogeneous cellular networks can provide high throughput and coverage compare to conventional networks of only macrocell deployment, however it operates regardless of total power consumption, which is a very important issue of modern cellular networks. We propose a policy that control the on/off state of base stations in heterogeneous networks according daily traffic profile. Under this policy, the total power consumed can be significantly reduced when the traffic is low while preserving QoS requirement.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.282-290
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• 2006

In vertically overlaid cellular systems, a temporary traffic concentration can occur in a hot-spot area, and this adversely affects overall system capacity. In this paper, we develop an adaptive hot-spot operating scheme (AHOS) to mitigate the negative effects from the nonuniform distribution of user location and the variation in the mixture of QoS requirements in orthogonal frequency division multiple access downlink systems. Here, the base station in a macrocell can control the operation of picocells within the cell, and turns them on or off according to the system overload estimation function. In order to determine whether the set of picocells is turned on or off, we define an AHOS gain index that describes the number of subcarriers saved to the macrocell by turning a specific picocell on. For initiating the picocell OFF procedure, we utilize the changes in traffic concentration and co-channel interference to the neighboring cells. According to computer simulation, the AHOS has been proved to have maximize system throughput while maintaining a very low QoS outage probability under various system scenarios in both a single-cell and multi-cell environments.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2008

IEEE 802.16e는 고속의 이동성을 지원하는 이동단말들의 전력소모를 최소화시키기 위하여 수면 모드(sleep mode)를 정의하고 있다. 수면 모드를 적용한 MSS(Mobile Subscriber Station)들은 수면 구간 사이에 존재하는 청취(Listening) 구간 동안 BS(Base Station)으로 부터 수신할 데이터 프레임이 존재하지 않는다는 메시지를 수신하면, 자신의 수면 구간 값을 이전 수면 구간 값의 두 배로 증가시킨다. 수면 구간 값이 최대 수면 구간 값에 도달하면, 수면 구간 값을 최대 수면 구간 값으로 고정함으로써 전력사용을 억제한다. 그러나 이러한 방식은 MSS가 최소 수면 구간 값에서 시작한 후 BS로부터 수신할 데이터 프레임이 존재하여 수면 모드를 종료할 때 까지 다수의 수면 구간과 청취 구간을 반복하게 되어 스위치 온, 오프에 의한 전력 소모 증가를 야기 시킨다. 본 논문에서는 MSS의 에너지를 효과적으로 사용하기 위하여 현재 수면 모드 종료 시 사용되었던 수면 구간 값을 다음 수면 모드의 최소 수면 구간 값으로 사용하는 최소 수면 구간 결정 알고리즘을 제안한다. 또한, 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안 방식과 기존 IEEE 802.16e 수면 모드 방식에 대하여 에너지 소모량 및 막힘확률에 대한 성능을 비교 평가한다. 제안하는 알고리즘은 기존 IEEE 802.16e 수면 모드 알고리즘과 비교하여 막힘확률은 동일한 성능을 보이나, 에너지 소모량은 약 30%의 절감효과를 보인다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.27-43
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• 1990

This study aimed at developing a generalized model on the estimation of the long - term run - off volume for practical purpose. During the research period of last 3 years( 1986-1988), 3 types of estimation model on the long - term run - off volume(Effective rainfall model, unit hydrograph model and barne's model for dry season) had been developed by the author. In this study, through regressional analysis between determinant factors (bi of effective rainfall model, ai of unit hydrograph model and Wi of barne's model) and catchment characteris- tics(catchment area, distance round the catchment area, massing degree coefficient, river - exte- nsion, river - slope, river - density, infiltration of Watershed) of 11 test case areas by multiple regressional method, a new methodology on the derivation of determinant factors from catchment characteristics in the watershed areas having no hydrological station was developed. Therefore, in the resulting step, estimation equations on run - off volume for practical purpose of which input facor is only rainfall were developed. In the next stage, the derived equations were applied on the Kang - and Namgye - river catchment areas for checking of their goodness. The test results were as follows ; 1. In Kang - river area, average relative estimation errors of 72 hydrographs and of continuous daily run - off volume for 245 days( 1/5/1982 - 31/12) were calculated as 6.09%, 9.58% respectively. 2. In Namgye - river area, average relative estimation errors of 65 hydrographs and of conti- nuous daily run - off volume for 2fl days(5/4/1980-31/12) were 5.68%, 10.5% respectively. In both cases, relative estimation error was averaged as 7.96%, and so, the methodology in this study might be hetter organized than Kaziyama's formula when comparing with the relative error of the latter, 24~54%. However, two case studies cannot be the base materials enough for the full generalization of the model. So, in the future studies, many test case studies of this model should he carries out in the various catchment areas for making its generalization.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.108-114
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 2.6 GHz에서 동작하는 Doherty 전력증폭기 집적회로를 설계 및 제작하여 평균 전력에서의 효율을 개선하였다. Small-cell 기지국 시스템에 적합하도록 전력 밀도가 높은 GaN-HEMT 공정을 사용하여 설계하였으며, 제작된 Doherty 전력증폭기 집적회로를 QFN 패키지 내부에 수용하여 시스템 적용에 용이하도록 하였다. 제작된 GaN-HEMT Doherty 전력증폭기 집적회로는 10 MHz의 대역폭 및 6.5 dB의 PAPR 특성을 갖는 2.6 GHz LTE 신호에 대하여 평균 전력 33.9 dBm에서 15.8 dB의 전력 이득, 43.0%의 효율 및 -30.0 dBc의 ACLR 특성을 나타낸다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.181-183
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• 2003

Corky root symptoms caused by Pyrenochaeta lycopersici were observed on the roots and stem base of tomato plants in Korea. Symptoms on infected plants typically appeared as stunting and generally lacking vigor, and infected plants die back from the foliage tips after fruits have set. Brown lesions appearing with bands around the roots were characteristic symptoms of the disease. The lesions become swollen and cracked along the length of the root with corky appearance. Based on cultural and morphological characteristics, the fungus from the diseased plants was identified as Pyrenochaeta lycopersici. Pycnidia were solitary, globose to subglobose, brown to black, darker around the neck region, and measured 173-215 $\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter with septate setae up to 102-132$\times$6.5 $\mu\textrm{m}$. Conidia were hyaline, unicellular, and 4.2-4.7$\times$l.5-2.0 $\mu\textrm{m}$ long. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth of the p. lycopersici isolates ranged from $20^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$. Fifteen isolates off lycopersici were tested for pathogenicity to susceptible and tolerant cultivars of tomato plants by artificial inoculation. Three isolates of P. lycopersici induced typical corky root discoloration on susceptible tomato cultivars but not on tolerant tomato. This is the Erst report in Korea of tomato corky root disease caused by P. lycopersici.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2002년도 ITC-CSCC -2
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• pp.719-722
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• 2002

This paper reports the characteristics of a bidirectional antenna by using a planar array of a probe excited circular ring. The element of a bidirectional antenna is first designed to achieve the maximum directivity. The directivity can be further increased by arranging these elements to form the linear array. There are two types of linear array to be investigated i.e., on axis and off axis arrangement. On-axis linear array yields better directivity than off-axis linear array. Therefore, this orientation is further used to form the planar array. The radiation characteristics of this optimum planar array are rigorously reported. The proposed structure is very useful to extend the distance between the base station in PCT system.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.2058-2074
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• 2017

Dense Heterogeneous Cellular Networks(HCNs) offer a promising approach to meet the target of 1000x increase in aggregate data rates in 5G wireless communication systems. However how to best utilize the available radio resources at densely deployed small cells remains an open problem as those small cells are typically unplanned. In this paper we focus on balancing loads across macro cells and small cells by offloading users to small cells, as well as dynamically switching off underutilized small cells. We propose a joint user association and base station(BS) sleep mangement(UA-BSM) scheme that proactively offloads users to a fraction of the densely deployed small cells. We propose a heuristic algorithm that iteratively solves the user association problem and puts BSs with low loads into sleep. An interference relation matrix(IRM) is constructed to help us identify the candidate BSs that can be put into sleep. User associations are then aggregated to selected small cells that remain active. Simulation results show that our proposed approach achieves load balancing across macro and small cells and reduces the number of active BSs. Numerical results show user signal to interference ratio(SINR) can be improved by small cell sleep control.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제40권11호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2003

본 논문은 IEEE 802.16 광대역 무선 액세스 망을 위한 새로운 충돌 감소 방안으로 DCCG 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 이 알고리즘은 채널 경쟁 후 충돌이 발생한 슬롯 수와 가입자의 충돌 횟수에 따라서 상향링크의 자원요청 슬롯 구간을 결정한다. 그 결과 제안한 DCCG 알고리즘은 기존 Binary Back-off 알고리즘보다 처리율이 증가하였고 지연시간이 감소하였다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.618-627
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• 2005

In this paper, we have compared and analyzed the performance of high amplifier using Doherty technique to improve linearity and efficiency of base station and repeater Power amplifier for WCDMA. This Doherty amplifier implements with 3dB branch line coupler and $90^{\circ}C$ transmission line The phase offset line is designed to maintain the high linearity and efficiency at the low efficiency Period of the power amplifier CW 1-tone experimental results at the WCDMA frequency $2.11{\sim}2.17GHz$ shows that Doherty amplifier which achieves power add efficiency(PAE) of 50% at 6dB back off the point from maximum output power 52.3 dBm, obtains higher efficiency of 13.3% than class AB Finding optimum bias Point after adjusted gate voltage, Doherty amplifier shows that $IMD_3$ improves 4dB.