• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.9-20
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• 1988

Lespedeza species have been widely used not only as plant resources for bark, leaves and honey, but also as erosion control materials. This study was carried out to investigate the structural and wood tiber characteristics in order to obtain basic information for the utilization of the wood. The wood structure was investigated for 10 selected species and the wood fiber, for the 5 selected species among Lespedeza species distributed all over the country. The following results were obtained. In the cross section, campylotropis showed ray diffuse porous wood, L. bicolor, L. cyrtobotrya, L. thunbergii var. intermedia, diffuse porous wood, and L. tomentella, L. angustifolioides. L. maritima, L. robusta, L. patentibicolor, ring porous wood. The maximum diameter of a single vessel ranged 66-123 ${\mu}$ in all species. Campylotropis showed the most number of vessels, L. angustifolioides, the least. The number of ray per mm ranged 7-22, Campylotropis showed the most number of rays, L. angustifolioides, the least. In the radial section the average length of vessel ranged 121-250 ${\mu}$ in all species. L. thunbergii var. intermedia showed the longest vessel, L. tomentella, the shortest. In tangential section the average width of the uniseriate ray ranged 9.2-14.7${\mu}$, that of the multiseriate ray, 19.2-42.1 ${\mu}$. The average height of the uniseriate ray ranged 143.0-1162.0 ${\mu}$. The width of fiber ranged 10.12-13.61 ${\mu}$, L. maximowiezii showed the narrowest tiber, L. thunbergii var. intermedia. the widest, the thickness of fiber wall ranged 2.93-3.71 ${\mu}$ in the five species. L. maximowiezii showed the most thin fiber wall, L. thunbergii var. intermedia, the thickest, L. cyrtobotrya showed the difference in the size of fiber between the shade and the sunny sites but L. maximowiezii showed no difference. There was significant difference in fiber length, fiber width and wall thickness between L. eyrtobotrya and L. maximowiezii.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권12호
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• pp.1517-1522
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• 2007

두충(잎, 껍질, 줄기)의 추출물이 DNCB로 감작된 4주령 BALB/c mouse 암컷에 유도된 접촉성 피부염의 억제효과를 조사하였다. 림프절, 비장 및 흉선의 무게는 두충 투여군이 DNCB 대조군보다는 낮게 나타났다. 두충 부위별 추출물을 투여한 군에서 귀의 무게는 두충 추출물의 농도가 높을수록 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 대조군과 비교하여 무게에 함량 변화가 있었다. 두충의 부위별 추출물을 1,000 mg/kg 농도로 투여하면 귀의 무게는 대조군과 유사한 수준까지 낮아졌으며, 귀의 두께는 두충 추출물을 투여한 군에서 시간이 경과할수록 두께가 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. MDA 함량은 DNCB 대조군과 두충 투여군을 비교하였을 경우에, 간 조직에서 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 염증이 발생한 귀 조직에서는 차이가 나타났으며(p<0.05), NO 함량은 SW, ST 및 BT 그룹에서 염증이 억제되어 대조군과 마찬가지로 측정되지 않았다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2022

The genus Prunus (family: Rosaceae) consists of over 400 plant species and exhibits vast biodiversity worldwide. Given the wide distribution of this genus, its taxonomic classification is important. Anatomical characteristics are conserved and stable and can therefore be used as an important tool for the taxonomic characterization of plants. Therefore, this study aimed to assess and document the anatomical characteristics of the leaf, stem, and seed of P. africana using micrographs and photographs for possible use in the identification, quality control, and phylogenetic analysis of the species. The anatomical sections of a young stem revealed a cortex consisting of isodiametric parenchyma cells, druse crystals, primary vascular bundles, and pith. The mature stem bark majorly consisted of the rhytidome, with the periderm densely arranged in multiple layers; a cluster of stone cells; and sclerenchyma. The leaf sections were hypostomatic, with stomata sizes ranging from 18.90-(22.34)-26.90 × 15.41-(18.40)-21.22 ㎛. The leaf sections showed the presence of characteristic druse crystals, vascular bundles, and mesophyll layers. The pericarp contained the epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp, with their thickness being approximately 350-400, 300-350, and 30-50 ㎛, respectively. In addition, it contained a seed testa with a thickness of approximately 50-60 ㎛. The morphological and anatomical characteristics observed in P. africana leaves, stems, and seeds in this study could serve as useful data for the taxonomic identification of this species.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.311-317
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• 1994

Warts and barks of apple trees were vector of White rot. Two devices removing warts and barks for the use of pest control on apple trees were developed and evaluated in this study, and their results are as follows ; 1. A total of 148 warts were examined to determine the average size. About 35 percent of the examined warts were 6~8mm long, 4~8mm wide and 4~6mm thick in size. About 30 percent of the examined warts were 4~6mm long, 2~4mm wide and 6~8mm thick in size. 2. Seventy-one percent of the examined barks removed were 4~8mm in thickness. 3. A blade with 30 degree of cutting angle required 3 to 22 percent less cutting energy than those with 15 and 45 degrees of cutting angles. 4. The cutting torque decreased from 31 N-cm to 12 N-cm with an increase of cutting speed from 26cm/s to 104cm/s for a feeding speed of 0.31 mm/s with the blade angle of 30 degrees. 5. The cutting torque increased from 6N-cm to 32N-cm with an increase of branch diameter from 6mm to 14mm for a feeding speed of 0.31 mm/s with the blade angle of 30 degrees. 6. Two devices mounted on a mower for removing warts and barks were evaluated and proved effective.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.150-154
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• 2010

The immunosuppressive activity of the Methanol extract of bark of Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) consisting of a mixture of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, phenol and glycosides was studied on the immune responses in mice. Methanol extract of Madhuca longifolia (MLL) was administered orally at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg/day to healthy mice divided into four groups consisting of six animals each. The assessment of immunomodulatory activity was carried out by testing the humoral (antibody titre) and cellular (foot pad swelling) immune responses to the antigenic challenge by sheep RBCs. Furthermore, the effect on hematological parameters as well as relative organ weight was determined. On oral administration MML showed a significant decrease delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response whereas the humoral response to sheep RBCs was unaffected. Thus MLL significantly suppressed the cellular immunity by decreasing the footpad thickness response to sheep RBCs in sensitized mice. With a dose of 100 and 150 mg/kg/day the DTH response was $7.66{\pm}2.75$ and $6.41{\pm}1.21$ respectively in comparison to corresponding value of $14.50{\pm}2.38$ for untreated control group. These differences in DTH response were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The study demonstrates that MLL shows preferential suppression of the components of cell-mediated immunity and shows no effect on the humoral immunity.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.291-301
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• 2016

One of the most concerned topics in ecology is the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. However, there are few field studies, carried out in forests, although many studies have been done in controlled experiments in grasslands. In this paper, we describe the relationship pattern between three facets of diversity and productivity at Ratargul Fresh Water Swamp Forest (RFWSF) in Bangladesh, which is the only remaining fresh water swamp forest of the country. Sixty sample plots were selected from RFWSF and included six functional traits including leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), tree height, bark thickness and wood density. In analyzing TD, we used Shannon diversity and richness indices, functional diversity was measured by Rao's quadratic entropy (Rao 1982) and Faith's (1992) index was used for phylogenetic diversity (PD). It was found that, TD, FD and PD were positively related with productivity (basal area) due to resource use complementarity but surprisingly the best predictor of tree productivity was FD. The results contribute to the understanding the effects of biodiversity loss and it is essential for conservation decision-making and policy-making of Ratargul Fresh Water Swamp Forest.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.205-218
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• 2008

본 연구는 산란계에 대한 유기사료 첨가제로서 소나무 껍질 추출물, 피타민의 첨가효과를 조사하기 위하여 산란계(Hyline brown) 150마리를 이용하여 산란성적과 계란품질 평가를 실시하였다. 대조구, 피타민 0.1%, 피타민 0.2%로 구분된 3개의 처리구를 완전 임의배치하여 6주 동안 사육하였다. 산란성적은 피타민 0.1% 첨가구와 대조구가 서로 비슷하였으나 피타민 0.2% 첨가구는 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 호우유니트는 피타민 0.1% 및 0.2% 첨가구가 대조구에 비해서 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 난각두께 및 파란강도는 피타민 0.1% 첨가구와 대조구 사이에 있어서 유의차가 없었다. 계란의 콜레스테롤은 피타민 0.1% 첨가구가 가장 낮았으며 통계적 유의차가 있었다(p<0.05). 계란의 포화지방산 조성은 피타민 0.2% 첨가구가 가장 낮았고 불포화지방산은 피타민 0.2% 첨가구가 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 저장 일수에 따른 계란의 호우유니트, 난황지수 및 난백지수는 피타민 0.1% 및 피타민 0.2% 첨가구가 대조구에 비해서 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 소나무 껍질추출물, 피타민을 산란계 사료 내 유기사료 첨가제로서 0.1% 수준으로 첨가해주면 산란능력 및 계란의 품질을 일정하게 유지하면서 계란 저장성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.157-165
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• 2016

This study investigated several anatomical characteristics of Paulownia tomentosa roots. The root wood was separated into three parts from stem base (top, middle, and base) at different positions below ground. Qualitative anatomical data suggested that the growth rings in earlywood and latewood were structurally different. Furthermore, the root wood vessels were found having 2 to 3 radial multiples and they were appeared in the form of clusters. In addition, some sheath cells and septate axial parenchyma were observed. Regarding the quantitative anatomical characteristics, vessel and ray numbers per $mm^2$, as well as ray width and height differed significantly among the top, middle, and base rood wood parts. However, there were no significant differences in vessel diameters, cell wall thickness, and width and length of wood fibers among those parts. The crystallinity of the root top part was slightly higher than that of the middle and base parts. Furthermore, the vessel numbers, ray numbers, and ray width and height in the near pith (NP) area were higher compared to those in the near bark (NB) area. However, the fiber width and fiber length at NP were lower than those at NB. Overall, this study demonstrated some significant differences in the anatomical characteristics of the top, middle, and base parts of root wood from Paulownia tomentosa.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.597-602
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• 2010

In this study, pigs [n=117; (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc; $64{\pm}0.5$ Kg initial body weight] were used to investigate the effect of feeding different levels of lacquer (Rhus verniciflua Stokes) meal on performance, carcass traits and quality of meat kept under refrigeration at $3{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The pigs were randomly allotted to 3 treatments on the basis of body weight and sex and each treatment was replicated 3 times (13 pigs in each replicate). Lacquer meal in sawdust form obtained from the stem bark and heartwood of sun-dried lacquer trees was added to the grower and finisher diets at 0, 20 and 40 g/kg diet. The experimental diets were fed for 8 wk. Inclusion of lacquer meal had no influence (p>0.05) on growth performance of pigs. Improvement in carcass traits and decreased back fat thickness were noticed in pigs fed diets added with 20 and 40 g/kg lacquer meal. Longissimus muscle obtained from pigs fed lacquer meal had higher moisture and lower fat content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and water holding capacity. Meat from lacquer fed pigs was also darker and redder. The data indicates that lacquer meal can be incorporated up to 40 g/kg in the diet of fattening pigs without affecting growth performance. Also, lacquer meal increases carcass lean content and improves the oxidative stability of the meat.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.888-897
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• 2015

The anti-inflammatory effect of alginate oligosaccharides on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells was investigated at different time points (0-60 h). The alginate oligosaccharides were produced by an alginate-degrading enzyme from Shewanella oneidensis PKA1008. The alginate oligosaccharides decreased the production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6] in a dose-dependent manner. The alginate oligosaccharides showed peak anti-inflammatory activity after 36 h of incubation; at that time point, reduced protein expression of NF-${\kappa}B$ p65, iNOS, and COX-2 was detected. Furthermore, the alginate oligosaccharide treatment reduced the formation of ear edema at 36 h compared to samples examined at 0 h when the oligosaccharides were administered at 50 and 250 mg/kg body weight, as well as dermal thickness and mast cell numbers in a histological analysis. These results suggest that alginate oligosaccharides are a promising anti-inflammatory agent.