• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.203-210
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• 2011

Bake hardening steels have to resist strain aging to prevent the yield strength increment and stretcher strain during press process and to enhance the bake hardenability during baking process after painting. The bake hardening steels need to control the solute carbon and the solute nitrogen to improve the bake hardenability. Ti and/or Nb alloying for nitride and carbide precipitation and low carbon content below 0.003% are used to solve strain aging and formability problem for automotive materials. However, in the present study, the effect of micro-precipitation of copper sulfide on the bake hardenability and fatigue properties of extremely low carbon steel has been investigated. The bake hardenability of Cu-alloyed bake hardening (Cu-BH) steel was slightly higher (5 MPa) than that of Nb-alloyed bake hardening (Nb-BH) steel, but the fatigue limit of Cu-BH steel was far higher (45 MPa) than that of Nb-BH steel. All samples showed the ductile fracture behavior and some samples revealed distinct fatigue stages, such as crack initiation, stable crack growth and unstable crack growth.

• Journal of the korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 1990

Bake hardenability of batch annealed steel sheets is investigated in connection with the amount of tensile deformation and the bake hardening condition. This study associates with the method for producing bake hardening materials by means of batch annealing process and for measuring bake hardenability which is not yet fully established. The experimental result demonstrates the relationship between strain distribution and bake hardening behavior in various bake hardening conditions, which provides an essential information for automobile design and related sheet metal forming in a press shop. The result also shows the bake hardenability of the tested material increases as the baking temperature is increased from 150.deg. C. The result assures the bake hardening materials can guarantee reasonably high strength as well as good uniformity in yield strength for the automobile body by sheet metal forming process.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.315-320
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• 2020

This study deals with the yielding behavior and strain aging properties of three bake hardening steels with dual-phase microstructure, fabricated by varying the annealing temperature. Bake hardening and aging tests are performed to examine the correlation of martensite volume fraction with yielding behavior and strain aging properties of the bake hardening steels with dual-phase microstructure. The volume fraction of martensite increases with increasing annealing temperature. Room-temperature tensile test results show that the yielding behavior changes from discontinuous-type to continuous-type with increasing volume fraction of martensite due to higher mobile dislocation density. According to the bake hardening and aging tests, the specimen with the highest fraction of martensite exhibited high bake hardening with low aging index because solute carbon atoms in ferrite and martensite effectively diffuse to dislocations during the bake hardening test, while in the aging test they diffuse at only ferrite due to lower aging temperature.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.15 no.3 s.84
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• pp.241-246
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• 2006

The isotropic steel sheet was developed and started to apply on the auto-body outer panel, however the characteristics of application on auto-body were not well known. In this paper the FE analysis of outer panel of auto-body was carried out to investigate the characteristics of isotropic steel sheet. For the FE analysis of the roof panel of ULSAB body the isotropic steel sheet and the bake hardening steel sheet were used. The Isotropic steel sheet shows more deformation at punch bottom area of roof panel than the bake hardening steel sheet that is most required forming properties far outer panel to obtain the shape likability of forming parts. It is shown that the isotropic steel sheet has suitable material properties far outer panels of auto-body.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.247-257
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• 2001

In an effort to improve the dent resistance of exterior body panels at a reduced steel thickness, the bake hardenable steels added Ti or Nb with tensile strength of 35Kgf/$\textrm{mm}^2$ were investigated. The bake hardenability increased with the annealing temperature and solute carbon content. Bake hardening of 3 to 5Kgf/$\textrm{mm}^2$ was obtained in steels with a controlled solute carbon concentration range from 6 to 10ppm. The galvannealing temperature and time had little influence on the bake hardenability. The Fe-Zn alloying reaction of 35Kgf/$\textrm{mm}^2$ BH steel was remarkably retarded due to a 0.07%P addition. The optimum galvannealing temperatures of 35Kgf/$\textrm{mm}^2$ BH steel were ranged from 520 to 56$0^{\circ}C$ in view of the Fe content and powdering resistance. The cross-section and planar views of the galvannealed coatings to characterize morphology development were discussed.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.226-235
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• 2021

The strain aging behavior of a low carbon dual phase steel was examined in two conditions: representing room temperature strain aging (100 ℃ × 1 hr after 7.5 % prestrain) and bake hardening process (170 ℃ × 20 min after 2 % prestrain), basing on carbon effective diffusion and dislocation distribution. The first principle calculations revealed that (Mn or Cr)-vacancy-C complexes exhibit the strongest attractive interaction compared to other complexes, therefore, act as strong trapping sites for carbon. For room temperature strain aging condition, the carbon effective diffusion distance is smaller than the dislocation distance in the high dislocation density region near ferrite/martensite interfaces as well as ferrite interior considering the carbon trapping effect of the (Mn or Cr)-vacancy-C complexes, implying ineffective Cottrell atmosphere formation. Under bake hardening condition, the carbon effective diffusion distance is larger compared to the dislocation distance in both regions. Therefore, formation of the Cottrell atmosphere is relatively easy resulting in to a relatively large increase in yield strength under bake hardening condition.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.331-337
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• 2009

To lower the annealing temperature and the deviation of the mechanical properties of bake hardening steels, high purity steels were investigated. The steels were characterized by treating at low recrystallization temperature. It was confirmed that the strengthening originated from the solid solution of carbon and the ferrite grain refinement by fine MnS precipitates as carbon and sulfur contents increased in high purity steels. However, it was observed that there was no more increase of strength in steels containing over 40 ppm of carbon. It was considered that the excess carbon formed either the carbon cluster or the low temperature unstable carbides which had the negligible effect on the strengthening because they were reported to be highly coherent with the matrix. The carbon cluster and unstable carbides could be transformed to the stable cementite during bake hardening treatment. MnS was not observed in the high purity steel containing 5 ppm S, resulting in very coarse recrystallized grains and good ductility. As sulfur content increased, the recrystallized grain size decreased due to the formation of the fine MnS precipitates.

• Advances in materials Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

Low carbon steel of composition 0.05C - 0.18 Mn - 0.012 Si is intercritically annealed at temperatures $750^{\circ}C$, $775^{\circ}C$ and $800^{\circ}C$. The equilibrated alloys of different amounts of austenite with varying carbon contents are quenched in iced water. The same alloys are subcritically annealed at $675^{\circ}C$ and $700^{\circ}C$ for varying periods of times; the subcritically annealed alloy samples are quenched in iced water. Optical, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy are carried out for all the samples. The dislocation structure, its distribution and density present in the above prepared duplex ferrite martensite steels are studied. The martensites are found to be highly dislocated due to lattice invariant deformation. At the same time ferrite adjoining the martensite areas also exhibits quite a high dislocation density. The high dislocation density is favorable for strain ageing and hence bakes hardenability. EDS analyses were carried out for both martensite and ferrite phases; it is found that the degree of supersaturation in ferrite together with carbon content in martensite varies with the process parameters. The microhardness test results show that the hardness values of different phases differ appreciably with process parameters. The microstructures and the corresponding microanalyses reveal that differently processed steels contain phases of varying compositions and different distribution.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.231-237
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• 2004

Bake hardenable steel utilizes the phenomenon of strain aging to provide an increase in the yield strength of formed components. An increase of the carbon content will improve the bake hardening response: more solutes are available to pin mobile dislocations and to form the clusters more rapidly. But aging resistance decrease as increasing solute carbon. In order to under-stand the compatibility between bake hardenability and aging resistance. The optimum solute carbon control methods during manufacture should be determined. In this paper, the effect of continuous heat cycle conditions such as soaking temperature, rapid cooling start temperature, cooling rate on BH(Bake Hardenability), AI(Aging Index), YP-El(Yield Point Elongation) and other mechanical properties have been investigated. and following results were obtained. In the case of soaking temperature, BH increases with higher soaking temperature because of NbC $dissolution(830^{\circ}C)$, Therefore the solute carbon and BH at $850^{\circ}C$ and $870^{\circ}C$ are higher than these at $810^{\circ}C$. But BH at $870^{\circ}C$ is a little lower than that at $850^{\circ}C$ owing to the ferrite grain size. The measurement of amount of dissolution C using IFT(Internal Friction Test) can explain the relation of solute carbon and BH.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2009

The precipitation behavior of solute carbon and nitrogen strongly affects the mechanical properties of low-carbon automotive panel. In the present study, the effects of aluminum and solute nitrogen on the bake hardenability and strain aging of extremely low-carbon steel with carbon content below 15 ppm has been investigated. The ferrite grain size and distribution of precipitates were varied with the amount of aluminum content of 0.003 to ~ 0.100 wt% in a constant solute carbon and nitrogen. With increasing the aluminum content, the ferrite grain size is increased and strain aging is delayed. The strain aging is also delayed by increasing the annealing temperature, although the ferrite grain size is not much changed.