• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.361-366
• /
• 2019

In this study, microbial contamivation semisulcospira libertine and effect of sedimentation treatment of major bacterial and fungal pathogens were investigated. The total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and yeast and mold present in raw and water-dipped Semisulcospira libertine were enumerated using the standard plate count methods on using the standard plate method on potato dextrose agar (PDA), 3M Petrifilm for coliforms / E. coli, 3M Petrifilm for S. aureus, and plate count agar (PCA), respectively. In analysis of microbial contamination of raw Semisulcospira libertine, the total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and yeast and mold were monitored as 6.40, 2.70, and $6.79{\log}_{10}CFU/g$, respectively. Both E. coli and S. aureus were not detected (detection limit: 10 CFU/g). However, Semisulcospira libertine dipped in ground water for 3 hours had higher contamination levels of all natural indigenous microorganisms than raw Semisulcospira libertine. Especially, E. coli was detected as $2.46{\log}_{10}CFU/g$ in the ground water-dipped Semisulcospira libertine. The total aerobic bacteria in the ground water-dipped Semisulcospira libertine was not significantly reduced (p>0.05) compared to that in the raw Semisulcospira libertine. Moreover, coliforms were significantly increased (p>0.05) in all water-dipped Semisulcospira libertine. Only fungi were slightly reduced (less than 0.2 log) (p>0.05) in the tap water-dipped Semisulcospira libertine by comparison with the raw Semisulcospira libertine. The results of this study suggest that the use of chemical sterilizing agents and other physical methods in the washing stage will be necessary for the microbial reduction in raw Semisulcospira libertine because the use of sediment removal treatment by ground or tap water did not affect the microbiological safety of the raw Semisulcospira libertine.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.551-557
• /
• 2014

To improve microbiological quality of Aster scaber during storage and distribution, hurdle technology with the sanitizers and packaging methods was used. After blanching, total aerobic bacteria of Aster scaber treated with 20% ethanol and 10% NaCl were measured at 2 log CFU/g after 6 days. Total aerobic bacteria of blanched Aster scaber at $100^{\circ}C$ were measured at 2 log CFU/g, and the storage at $4^{\circ}C$ effectively inhibited the growth of bacteria. Repeated blanching using water with added NaCl at $80^{\circ}C$ showed similar microbial growth inhibition compared with treatment at $100^{\circ}C$. After vacuum packaging, blanched sample showed 2 log CFU/g of total aerobic bacteria during 10 days (the storage at $4^{\circ}C$). Therefore, repeated blanching using the water with added 10% NaCl improved the microbiological quality of Aster scaber. We also found that repeated blanching after vacuum packaging was an effective way for storage and distribution of Aster scaber. In conclusion, blanching two times in the 10% salt water or in vacuum packaging at $80{\sim}100^{\circ}C$ would be helpful to control the microbes during storage and distribution.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.628-648
• /
• 2016

Increased attention has been paid to the presence of veterinary antibiotics in various environmental matrices due to their toxicological behavior in the ecosystem and development of antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. In the this review, 37 target antimicrobials were selected based on annual sales of antibiotics for livestock in South Korea 2014. Also, extraction and clean-up methods for the determination of the antibiotic residues in liquid samples including water, milk, and honey were comprehensively reviewed in the literature. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was commonly used as a pre-treatment method for the samples. Most of the analytes were extracted in acidic conditions (2.5~4.0) except for aminoglycosides, which were extracted in neutral conditions (7.0~8.0). ${\beta}-Lactams$ showed the highest recoveries in neutral pH due to their degradation characteristics in acidic media. Starta-X, Oasis HLB, and Oasis MCX were frequently applied as an SPE cartridge and Oasis HLB showed the highest recoveries for the majority of antibiotic classes. The homogenized honey and milk were extracted by mixing with acids for deproteinization. Solids and other interfering substances in the extract were eliminated by centrifugation followed by membrane filtration or SPE before injection into HPLC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.14
• /
• pp.5787-5791
• /
• 2014

Background: With increasing survival periods and diversification of treatment methods, treatment of critically ill cancer patients has become an important factor influencing patient prognosis. Patients with cancer are at high risk of infections and subsequent complications. This study investigated the incidence and factors contributing to the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study investigated the incidence of VAP and factors leading to infection in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a cancer center from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2013. Results: The incidence of VAP was 2.13 cases per 1,000 days of intubation, and 13 of 288 patients (4.5%) developed VAP. Lung cancer was the most common cancer associated with VAP (N=7, 53.9%), and longer hospital stays and intubation were associated with increased VAP incidence. In the group using a "ventilator bundle," the incidence was 1.14 cases per 1,000 days compared to 2.89 cases per 1,000 days without its use; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.158). Age (${\geq}65$, OR=5.56, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.29-23.95), surgery (OR=3.78, 95%CI=1.05-13.78), and tracheotomy (OR=4.46, 95%CI=1.00-19.85) were significant VAP risk factors. The most common causative organisms were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (N=4, 30.8% each), followed by Acinetobacter baumannii and Candida albicans (N=2, 15.4% each). Conclusions: The incidence of pneumonia among critically ill cancer patients is highest in those with lung cancer, but lower than among non-cancer patients. The length of hospital stay and time on mechanical ventilation are important risk factors for development of VAP. Although not statistically significant, "ventilator bundle" care is an effective intervention that delays or reduces incidence of VAP. Major risk factors for VAP include age (${\geq}65$ years), surgery, and tracheostomy, while fungi, gram-negative bacteria, and multidrug-resistant organisms were identified as the major causative pathogens of VAP in this study.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2004

Objectives: In order to establish a base for proper treatment and management of patients with dermal problems through correct diagnosis, I considered the naming rule for dermatology in Oriental Medicine, referring to the dermatology literature compared to western medicine. In addition, this paper examines the characteristic classification of dermatology. Methods: I examined the naming rule of dermatology in Oriental Medicine and then compared the disease names in Oriental and Western medicine and the characteristic classification of dermatology referred to the records. Results: The dermal diseases have been named according to their colors and morphologies, causes, progress of symptoms, recurrent sites, the character of distribution, recurrent seasons, ages, the character of patients' jobs and locations. Sometimes some have been named by referring to their main morphologies, sites, causes, colors and seasons synthetically. However it was found some names for dermal diseases, even though the same diseases, had been named differently according to for example: historical times, condition of locations and the quality of doctors whose process of naming developed and changed over time. The relationship between Oriental and Western medicine of each name for dermal diseases is basically divided into 5 types: same names - same diseases; same names but different diseases; same diseases but different names; one disease with multiple names; and one name with multiple diseases. Considering the methods of classification, these were generally achieved according to their places of origin. It is a method unique to Oriental medicine that we classified some dermal diseases into 疥, 癬, 瘡, 風, 丹, 疱, 疹, 癰, 痘, 疽 and so on and it is very easy to diagnose which part they belong to. This was classified by putting first the causes of diseases; for instance: viruses, bacteria, fungi. Sometimes, however there was a problem, connected to the classification of morphology. Conclusions: I suggest that we need to unify and refine dermatological terms in Oriental Medicine in order to establish a base for proper treatment and management of patients with dermal problems through correct diagnoses.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.400-404
• /
• 2004

This study was conducted to find the antimicrobial activity of garlic extracts by various processing methods(boiled, pan fried, microwave heated, pickled). Ethanol and water extracts from garlic sample were prepared and antimicrobial activities were determined against 10 microoganisms ; food borne pathogens, food poisoning microoganisms, food-related bacteria and yeasts. The ethanol extracts from the fresh and pickled garlic showed antimicrobial activities for test microoganisms, except lactic acid bacteria and yeast. However, the antimicrobial activities were decreased by heat treatment. The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of the fresh garlic extracts was determined to 0.1 mg/mL against an gram positive bacterium and 0.5 mg/mL against an gram negative bacterium. The antimicrobial activities of the ethanol extracts were affected by heating methods and not by pHs.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.239-246
• /
• 2022

Lactuca scariola L. is one of ecosystem-disturbance plants that grow everywhere such as roadsides, grasslands, railroads, banks, and fields. L. scariola usually occurs in autumn. It overwinters in rosette form. It flowers and produces seeds in early summer of the next year. Seeds of L. scariola can germinate immediately without dormancy when the temperature is over 20℃. Due to endogenous bacteria in seeds of L. scariola, it has a strong drought tolerance. Thus, it can grow well on roadsides. L. scariola should be controlled as it can result in 60-80% of soybean yield loss at densities above 50 plants m^-2. It is advisable to remove L. scariola as it competes with native plants by acting as a pioneer to other ecosystem-disturbance plants. Among various control methods, chemical control is the most effective method that is widely used. Soil treatment with herbicides such as oxyfluorfen EC and pendimethalin EC can inhibit the development of L. scariola. Foliar treatment herbicides glyphosate and glufosinateammonium are widely used. L. scariola is resistant to 2,4-D, dicamba, and MCPA among foliar treatment herbicides. Thus, it is recommended to apply herbicides with different modes of action.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.451-463
• /
• 2001

Following the extensive use of implant, the incidence of peri-implantitis increases. Guided bone regeneration has been used for the optimal treatment of this disease. Because implant surface was contaminated with plaque and calculus, cleaning and detoxification were needed for the reosseointegration when guided bone regeneration was performed. Various mechanical and chemical methods have been used for cleaning and detoxification of implant surface, air-powder abrasive and oversaturated citrate were known to be most effective among these methods. However, these methods were incomplete because these could not thoroughly remove bacteria of implant surface, moreover deformed implant surface. Recent studies for detoxification of the implant surface using laser were going on, $CO_2$ laser and Soft Diode laser were known to be effective among these methods. The purpose of this study was to obtain clinical guide by application these laser to implant surface. 15 experimental machined pure titanium cylinder models were fabricated. The $CO_2$ laser treatment under dry, wet and hydrogen peroxide condition or the Soft Diode laser treatment under Toluidine blue O solution condition was performed on the each of models. Each groups were examined with SPM and SEM to know whether their surface was changed. The results were as follows : 1. Surface roughness and surface form weren't changed when $CO_2$ laser was usedunder dry condition(P>0.05). 2. Surface roughness and surface form weren't changed when $CO_2$ laser was used under wet condition(P>0.05). 3. Surface roughness and surface form weren't changed when $CO_2$ laser was used under hydrogen peroxide condition(P>0.05). 4. Surface roughness and surface form weren't changed when Soft Diode laser was used under toluidine blue O solution condition(P>0.05). From the result of this study, it may be concluded that the $CO_2$ laser having relatively safe pulse mode and the Soft Diode laser used with photosensitizer can be used safely to treat peri-implantitis.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.26-35
• /
• 1997

Background : Glycopeptide antibiotics are the only drugs for treatment of infections due to beta-lactam-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. As the incidence of infection and colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci(VRE) rapidly increases, the hospital infection control practices advisory committee(HICPAC) recommends prudent vancomycin use to detect, prevent and control infection and colonization with VRE. Methods : The inpatients admitted from September to December, 1996 in Pusan National University Hospital, with Gram-positive bacterial infections were evaluated retrospectively to see whether the administrations of glycopeptide antibiotics were appropriate or not, upon comparison with the recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance by HICPAC. Results : Teicoplanin has been chosen more frequently than vancomycin of the glycopeptide antibiotics. The indications of administration of glycopeptides in patients with pneumonia, wound infections, sepsis, and in febrile or neutropenic patients with malignancies were appropriate, but the use of glycopeptides for elimination of merely colonized bacteria in the oral cavity could not be excluded. Inappropriate use of glycopeptides was 10.6%, and inappropriately long-term use without positive culture for beta-lactam-resistant Gram-positive organisms was about 40% of total days of drug use. Conclusion : It seems essential for the quality assurance committee to make a plan in teaching the HICPAC recommendations to the medical practitioners who prescribed the glycopeptides inappropriately or used for irrelevantly long to his patient, monitor and survey their use of glycopeptides prospectively and periodically, and if there are repeated inappropriate prescriptions, a certain penalty would be given to the practitioners.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.74 no.2
• /
• pp.63-69
• /
• 2013

Background: Aiming to improve outcome of lung transplantation (LTx) patients, we reviewed risk factors and treatment practices for the LTx recipients who experienced respiratory infection in the late post-LTx period (>1 month after LTx). Methods: We analyzed the clinical data of 48 recipients and donors from 61 LTx, who experienced late respiratory infections. Late respiratory infections were classified according to the etiology, time of occurrence, and frequency of donor-to-host transmission or colonization of the recipient prior to transplantation. Results: During the period of observation, 42 episodes of respiratory infections occurred. The organisms most frequently involved were gram (-) bacteria: Acinetobacter baumannii (n=13, 31.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=7, 16.7%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=4, 10.0%). Among the 42 episodes recorded, 14 occurred in the late post-LTx period. These were bacterial (n=6, 42.9%), fungal (n=2, 14.3%), viral (n=4, 28.5%), and mycobacterial (n=2, 14.3%) infections. Of 6 bacterial infections, 2 were from multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii and one from each of MDR P. aeruginosa, extended spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase (+) K. pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infection-related death occurred in 6 of the 14 episodes (43%). Conclusion: Although the frequency of respiratory infection decreased sharply in the late post-LTx period, respiratory infection was still a major cause of mortality. Gram (-) MDR bacteria were the agents most commonly identified in these infections.