• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.288-292
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• 2008

To save cost and time in Kimchi manufacture, the use of raw red-pepper paste and device-mashed vice materials, in place of dried red-pepper powder, was examined. Two kinds of Kimchi were prepared: One with dried red pepper powder and device-not mashed vice materials and the other with raw red pepper paste and device-mashed vice materials. Then pH, total acidity, total viable cell counts, total lactic acid bacteria and sensory characteristics were evaluated. Comparisons of the two Kimchis, indicated that changes in pH, total acidity, the total number of viable cells and total lactic acid bacteria were similar between the two groups. The acceptability score of the Kimchi made using the raw red pepper paste and device-mashed vice materials was slightly lower than that of Kimchi made using the dried red-pepper powder. This color was indistinctly changed since the vice materials were mashed and mixed. In conclusion, the results indicate that when manufacturing Kimchi using device-mashed vice materials, Kimchi of better quality can be made by adding dried red-pepper powder.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.84-87
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• 2010

Effects of gamma irradiation on microbiological changes of Gorosoe sap were characterized during a post-irradiation storage at $4^{\circ}C$. The aseptically collected sap was irradiated and stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 0 to 60 days and analysed for standard plate counts and 16S rDNA. There were significant differences in the total number of colony forming units(CFUs) of bacteria between irradiated and non-irradiated control sap. Bacteria of non-irradiated sap were present at levels of $1.5{\times}10^4{\sim}2.3{\times}10^8\;CFU/m{\ell}$, whereas no viable microbial cells were detected in sap after 10 kGy of irradiation during storage. According to the 16S rDNA sequence analysis, bacterial community structures decrease with time and the most abundant strain was Pseudomonas species. Our results suggested that gamma irradiation can be used to enhance the shelf-life of Gorosoe sap.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.47-51
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• 1982

135 Raw milk samples corrected from 4 dairy plants before processing were held at 63$\circ$C for 30 minutes and 80$\circ$C for 10 minutes. Thermoduric mesophiles, psychrotrophs and thermophilic bacteria were estimated from the samples treated at 63$\circ$C for 30 minutes and aerobic spore formers from the samples treated at 80$\circ$C for 10 minutes. The results obtained were as follows. 1) The distribution of thermoduric mesophiles were $10^4 - 10^5$ cfu/ml (45.2%), $10^2 - 10^4$ cfu/ml (21.5%), $10^5$ cfu/ml over (20.7%), $10^2 - 10^3$ cfu/ml (8.9%) and $10 - 10^2$ cfu/ml (3.7%). 2) The distribution of thermoduric psychrotrophs were 10 - $10^2$ cfu/ml (40.2%), $10^2 - 10^3$ cfu/ml (29.5%), 10 cfu/ml below (22.3%) and $10^3 - 10^4$ cfu/ml (8.0%). Isolated psychrotrophs had the characteristics of Streptococcus, Micrococcus and Alcaligenes group. 3) The distribution of thermophilic bacteria were 10 cfu/ml below (91.9%), and 10 - $10^2$ cfu/ml (81.8%). 4) Aerobic spore formers counts were 10 cfu/ml below (27.4%), $10^3 - 10^4$ cfu/Illl (26.5%), $10^2 - 10^3$ cfu/ml (23.9%)and 10 - $10^2$ cfu/ml (22.1%).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.883-887
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• 2015

This study investigated the quality of seven commercial salted and fermented sand lance Ammodytes personatus sauces by measuring their chemical compositions, bacteria concentrations, and biogenic amine contents. The sauces had a 63.97-67.32% (mean: 65.72%) moisture content, 23.16-24.03% (mean: 23.60%) salinity, 5.51-6.14 (mean: 5.81) pH, 164.76-217.98 mg/100 g (mean: 182.97 mg/100 g) volatile basic nitrogen, 0.94-1.42% (mean: 1.24%) total nitrogen, and 673.77-791.86 mg/100 g (mean: 720.76 mg/100 g) amino nitrogen content. Viable cell counts ranged from $1.2{\times}10^1$ to $2.9{\times}10^2CFU/mL$, and number of biogenic amine-forming bacteria was very low or not detected. Overall, the tested samples had average levels of histamine of 301.02 mg/kg, cadaverine of 29.78 mg/kg, tyramine of 199.21 mg/kg, putrescine of 183.00 mg/kg, and tyramine of 13.01 mg/kg. This strongly suggests that it is necessary to monitor the biogenic amine contents of commercial salted and fermented sand lance sauces carefully to ensure consumer health.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.92-92
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• 1968

1) The aim of present investigation is to elucidate the relation of the balance of the production and decomposition of the fir litter. in Kwangnung plantation stands. 2) The decay constant, K, of litters was 0. 185 for the fir stand at Kwangnung. 3) The mode for the accumulation of organic carbon ($C_a$) is $c_a$= $610(1-e^{-0.185t})$), and for the decay of organic carbon (C) C = $610(1-e^{-0.185t})$. 4) The time required for the decay of half of the accumulated organic carbon in the fir stand is 3. 74 years and for 99% of elimination 27.02 years. 5) The litters of Abies holophylla killed by heat and washed with alcohol-benzol, with hot water, or with both alcohol-benzol and hot water were incubated after inoculated with suspension of firwood soil. Plate counts were made of fungi and bacteria from time to time. 6) Removal of the alcohol-benzol soluble substance stimulates at the beginning of the decay the growth of fungi and also of bacteria. 7) Removal of the water soluble fraction is detrimental to the growth of fungi in particular. 8) The distribution of soil microbial population is higher in both F and H horizon of the fir plantation soil in Kwangnung. However, the number of soil microorganisms decreases with the depth in forest soil.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.93-99
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• 1968

1) The aim of present investigation is to elucidate the relation of the balance of the production and decomposition of the fir litter. in Kwangnung plantation stands. 2) The decay constant, K, of litters was 0. 185 for the fir stand at Kwangnung. 3) The mode for the accumulation of organic carbon ($C_a$) is $c_a$= $610(1-e^{-0.185t})$), and for the decay of organic carbon (C) C = $610(1-e^{-0.185t})$. 4) The time required for the decay of half of the accumulated organic carbon in the fir stand is 3. 74 years and for 99% of elimination 27.02 years. 5) The litters of Abies holophylla killed by heat and washed with alcohol-benzol, with hot water, or with both alcohol-benzol and hot water were incubated after inoculated with suspension of firwood soil. Plate counts were made of fungi and bacteria from time to time. 6) Removal of the alcohol-benzol soluble substance stimulates at the beginning of the decay the growth of fungi and also of bacteria. 7) Removal of the water soluble fraction is detrimental to the growth of fungi in particular. 8) The distribution of soil microbial population is higher in both F and H horizon of the fir plantation soil in Kwangnung. However, the number of soil microorganisms decreases with the depth in forest soil.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.321-326
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• 2010

Enzymatic treatment conditions for red ginseng residue (RGR) were investigated to apply RGR as a microbial medium. Polysaccharide hydrolyase and protease were screened to obtain high solid and carbohydrate yields, and a good degree of carbohydrate hydrolysis. The optimal dosage and reaction time for Viscozyme, the chosen polysaccharide hydrolyase, were found to be 1.0% (w/w) and 3 h, respectively. Of the tested proteases, Flavourzyme, whose optimal dosage was 0.5% (w/w), was selected. Co-treatment with the optimal dosages of Flavourzyme and Viscozyme increased solid yield, carbohydrate yield, and degree of carbohydrate hydrolysis by 76%, 65%, and 1,865%, respectively, over levels in non-treated RGR. The culture characteristics of Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain KACC 91459P grown in enzymatically hydrolyzed red ginseng residue (ERGR) and RGR suspensions were compared. After cultivation for 6 h, the viable cell counts of both cell suspensions rapidly increased to $1.3{\times}10^9$ colony-forming units (CFU)/g. Moreover, while the viable cell population drastically decreased to $2.4{\times}10^6\;CFU/g$ for cells grown in RGR medium, it was maintained in cells fermented in ERGR medium for 24 h.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.50-53
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• 1996

A cultured milk product was made by fennenting 10$\%$ reconstituted skim milk with Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis TA29 and Saccharomyces exiguus SK2. L. lactis TA29 and S. exiguus SK2 grew up to 1.0 $\times 10^9\;and\;2.0 \times 10^6$ cfu/ml, respectively. After the fermentation 21$\%$ of lactose was hydrolyzed, pH was lowered to 4.2, and titratable acidity and alcohol concentration were increased to 0.96 and 0.023$\%$, respectively. When the fermented milk was stored at $4{\circ}C$ for 9 days, the viable cell counts for L. lactis TA29 and S. exiguus SK2 were $6.5 \times 10^5\;and\;1.6 \times 10^6$ cfu/rnl, respectively. The alcoholic fermented milk prepared in this experiment was more inhibitory against some pathogenic bacteria including C. perfringens than commercial yoghurt products tested.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.143-146
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different methods of hand washing by counting the number of bacteria on the hand surface. Eighteen clinicians were chosen and divided into three groups, consisting of six clinicians each. Culturing of the right raw palms of all individuals was performed. Individuals in the control group washed hands for 5 seconds with antimicrobial soap. Group 1 washed their hands for 10 seconds with antimicrobial soap. Group 2 washed with an instant alcohol-based hand sanitizer. After the respective washes, re-culturing of the right raw palm was done for each member of all groups. The colony-forming units (CFU) were calculated at each time point, and the reduction rate of CFU among the three groups were statistically evaluated using student t-test. All groups showed a significant decrease in CFU, according to the time applied (P<0.01). In addition, the reduction rate of CFU between the groups were statistically evaluated with ANOVA (P<0.01). It showed statistically difference between the control group and group 1, control group and group 2. The present study confirmed that the hand washing method with antimicrobial soap for 10 seconds and hand sanitizer, including alcohol, were excellent for decreasing the number of bacteria on the hand surface.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.271-276
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• 2003

The inoculation of some microorganisms into a microcosm containing soil from a barren lakeside area at Lake Paro in Kangwon-do enhanced plant growth significantly. The direct and viable counts of soil bacteria and soil microbial activities measured by electron transport system assay and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis assay were higher in inoculated soil. The plant growth promoting effect of this inoculation may be caused by phytohormone production and the solubilization of insoluble phosphates by the inoculated bacteria. Three inoculated strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens produced several plant growth promoting phytohormones, including indole-3-acetic acid (auxin), which was confirmed by thin layer chromatography and GC/MS. P. fluorescens strain B16 and M45 produced 502.4 and 206.1 mg/l of soluble phosphate from Ca3(PO4)2 and hydroxyapatite, respectively. Bacillus megaterium showed similar solubilization rates of insoluble phosphates to those of Pseudomonas spp. We believe that this plant growth promoting capability may be used for the rapid revegetation of barren or disturbed land.