• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.236-240
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• 1999

A preliminary study was carried out to find characteristics of microbial trophic relations in hypoxic waters of Lake Shihwa in May and August 1996. Abundances of bacteria, viruses, and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) and HNF grazing on bacteria were measured. Dissolved O$_2$ (DO) saturation ranged from 13 to 34% in the bottom waters, and % of DO saturation strongly correlated with salinity. Ratios of HNF-to-bacteria abundance (42-118${\times}$10$^{-5}$) and biomass (0.06-0.25), and ratios of virus-to-bacteria abundance (110-297) in the hypoxic water were similar to those found in the surface layer, indicating similar structures of microbial abundances and trophic functions in hypoxicand surface waters during the study period. In the hypoxic water, an energy flow from organic matter to bacteria to HNF might operate as equally as in oxic surface layer.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 1971

Current overseas research reveals that among the pathogens causing flacherie of silkworm, damage by infectious flacherie virus is the most serious, but little research in this fold has been reported in Korea. This experiment was undertaken to observe the occurrence of infectious flacherie virus by means of biological environmental conditions associated with occurrence of virus discase and interaction of the virus of flacherie and Bacillus spp. isolated from flacherie silkworm, and to determine ways to check infection by the virus during the rearing of silkworms. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The pathogen, infectious flacherie virus observed in Korea, is proved to be round in shape and 26-30m$\mu$ in diameter under observation with electron microscope, 2. The infectious flacherie virus-disease occurred apparently in conditions of nutritional disturbance such as shortage of diet or rearing in high temperature and humidity during the 3-4th instar. 3. The percentage of disease-occurrence was increased remarkably, and the latent period was shortened in the case of simple inoculation of virus suspension as compared with the suspension added with bacteria. 4. The application of calcium hydroxide in the silkworm-rearing bed is able to check infection of virus disease.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 2024

Purpose: Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of mortality in children living in developing countries. The etiology of acute diarrhea in each healthcare center varies depending on place, time, and population. This study aimed to identify pathogen patterns in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV children suffering from acute diarrhea, using multiplex real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in an Indonesian tertiary hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital from March 2019 to April 2020. Results: The study showed that multiplex RT-PCR results were positive in 58.9% of the specimens, with more positive results in HIV-infected children than in non-HIV-infected children (70% vs. 54.7%). Altogether 72 enteropathogens were detected from all specimens. Enteropathogens in non-HIV children with acute diarrhea consisted of bacteria (70.6%) and viruses (29.4%) with a predominance of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (25.4%), followed by Campylobacter spp. (11.8%), enteropathogenic E. coli (9.8%), Norovirus GII (7.8%), and Clostridium difficile (7.8%). Enteropathogens in HIV-infected children consisted of viruses (57.1%), bacteria (28.6%), and parasites (14.3%) comprising Norovirus GII (24%), Cryptosporidium spp. (14.3%), Campylobacter spp. (14.3%), Norovirus GI (14.3%), and Astrovirus (14.3%). Cryptosporidium spp. was the only parasite found in this study and was found only in HIV-infected children. In non-HIV children with acute diarrhea, most pathogens were invasive bacteria, while in HIV-infected children, more viral and parasite infections occurred, primarily caused by opportunistic pathogens. Conclusion: The pattern of enteropathogens can help clinicians determine further examinations and appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy for the patient.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2010

Pathogens on the cultured 579 rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli in the marine cage farms from Geoje and Tongyeong of the Southern sea were investigated from 2006 to 2008. The pathogens were detected throughout the year at 46.0~90.0% for 3 years and the detection rate was low with an average 58.1% in May and high with an average 81.5% in October. Bacteria only, bacteria-parasite mix and virus only were found in October and November as well as parasite only, whereas infection of parasite only was dominant in May when the temperature increased and in August when the temperature peaked. Of rockfish, Microcotyle sp. and Caligus sp. were dominant for parasitic disease, and Vibrio sp. and Streptococcus sp. were dominant bacteria. For virus, RSIV and VNNV were detected as dominant organisms. While no virus was detected in 2006, VNNV, VHSV and RSIV were detected in 2007 due to $1.5\sim2.0^{\circ}C$ higher temperature than 2006 in the summer season. For total prevalence by rockfish sizes, the highest was found at 50.0~87.1% in 11~15cm sizes and 50% was found in 30 cm size. Parasite showed a similar trend of 50.0~79.6% as the total prevalence. Prevalence for bacteria varied from 1.6% (for 10 cm group) to 23.8% (for 26 cm group) and higher virus prevalence of 21.5% was found from below 25 cm group.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.346-353
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• 2009

Viral, bacterial, and fungal infection can be transmitted from donor to recipient via transplantation of human amniotic membrane. Therefore human amniotic membrane for transplantation should be disinfected and sterilized before use. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of the disinfection process and sterilization processes used at human tissue bank in the inactivation of viruses, bacteria, and fungi. A variety of experimental model viruses, bacteria, and fungus for human pathogens, including the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans were all selected for this study. Enveloped viruses such as HIV-1, BHV, and BVDV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by 70% ethanol treatment, gamma irradiation process, and ethylene oxide (EO) gas sterilization process. Also non-enveloped viruses such as HAV and PPV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by gamma irradiation and EO gas treatment. However HAV and PPV showed high resistance to 70% ethanol treatment. E. coli and C. albicans were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by 70% ethanol treatment, gamma irradiation process, and EO gas treatment. Also B. subtilis was effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by gamma irradiation process and EO gas treatment. However it showed high resistance to 70% ethanol treatment.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.575-580
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• 2019

In biological warfare, it is important to identify biological agents for proper treatment. We focused on developing a real-time RT-PCR kit that can detect multiple species of biological agents. AccuPower(R) Biothreat Real-Time RT-PCR Kit(v3.0) could detect Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholerae, Francisella tularensis, Salmonella typhi, Rickettsia prowazekii, Variola virus, Hantaan virus, Yellow fever virus, Brucella spp., Shigella dysenteriae in a single reaction. The results showed that the kit was verified to be able to detect at least 0.005 ng of nucleotide and 10,000 CFU/ml of bacteria. Therefore, the kit is expected to be used as a rapid and sensitive detection kit for 11 species of biological agents within 2 hours.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 2011

To isolate Lactic acid bacteria for animals, we have screened from Kim-chi, swine intestine, swine feces, and dairy products by random selection and anti-viral, antipathogenic bacteria test. Among them, CLP-1 shown that inhibitory effect against rotavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus, Salmonella sp, and E.coli. By examining biological property, API-ZYM and identified Lactobacillus plantarum by 16S rDNAgene sequence. CLP-1 determined resistance to low pH and bile salt. Futhermore, the cell body of CLP-1 adhered to the intestinal epithelium tissue of swine and Caco-2 cell. CLP-1 was examined on cell immune system modulating activity in vitro. The whole cell and cell culture supernatant was increasing of interferon-${\beta}$ activity. And then, CLP-1 increased prevention effect by Salmonella enteritidis infection in SPF chickens. And we determined similar result in pigs.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to develop specific and sensitive PCR-based procedures for simultaneous detection of economically important plant seed infection pathogenic bacteria and virus, Xanthomonns campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) in pepper and tomato seeds. Most of pepper and tomato bacterial and virus diseases are responsible for germination and growth obstruction. PCR with arbitral primers: selection of specific primers, performance of PCR with specific primers and determination of the threshold level for pathogens detection. To detect simultaneously the Xcv, Cmm, Ecc, PMMoV and TMGMV in pepper and tomato seeds, five pairs (Cmm-F/R, Ecc-F/R, Xcv-F/R, PMMoV-F/R, TMGMV-F/R) of specific primer were synthesized by primer-blast program. The multiplex PCR for the five pathogens in pepper and tomato seeds could detect specially without interference among primers and/or cDNA of plant seeds and other plant pathogens. The PCR result for pathogen detection using 20 commercial pepper and 10 tomato seed samples, Ecc was detected from 4 pepper and 2 tomato seed samples, PMMoV was detected from 1 pepper seed sample, and PMMoV and TMGMV were simultaneously detected from 1 pepper seed sample.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.32-32
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• 2003

Intestinal infections are common in growing pigs and can be caused by multiple pathogens, environmental and management factors [1]. Among the most important viruses in swine enteritis are porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine enteric calicivirus (PECV), porcine group A rotavirus (PRV gp A) and bacteria are Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. and protozoa is Isospora suis [1]. The DNA chip system can serve as a powerful tool that can be utilized for simultaneous detection of specific pathogenic bacteria strains and viruses [2,3]. The combination of PCR and DNA chip technology will provide a novel method for the detection of porcine enteric pathogens thus revolutionize the diagnosis and management of the disease. The aim of this study is to develop DNA chip system for the rapid and reliable detection of five major porcine enteric pathogens based on oligonucleotide DNA chip hybridization. (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2013

The ecologically and economically important honeybee species are susceptible to infections by various pathogens. This study was investigated to detect infectious pathogens in honeybee colonies reared in eastern Gyeongbuk province by PCR in 2010~2011. A total of 11 infectious pathogens, including 6 viruses, 2 bacteria, 2 fungi, and 1 parasite, were investigated in honeybee colonies suffering from symptoms of sudden collapse, depopulation, or paralysis. The infectious pathogens and infection rates among 24 honeybee colonies detected were as follows: sacbrood virus (66.7%), deformed wing virus (4.2%), black queen cell virus (12.5%), Kashmir bee virus (29.2%), American foulbrood (41.7%), European foulbrood (12.5%), stonebrood (45.8%), chalkbrood (4.2%), and Nosema (33.3%), respectively. Since the coinfection rates of multiple pathogens were detected high in honeybee colonies reared in eastern Gyeongbuk province, large-scale investigation and appropriate control programs need to be established in this region.