• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.105-115
• /
• 2001

This study was conducted to analyzed the pattern of $CO_2$ concentration changes in various time scale within and across the Korean Peninsula. We compared that data sets obtained from Moo-Ahn(NAN) station in Korea with those determined from major background observatory stations around the world from the periods of Aug. 1995 to Dec. 1997. The mean $CO_2$concentrations of the MAN area, if computed using the total of 884 daily mean values, were computed to by 374.5$\pm$6.6 ppm. When the background data for MAN were compared with those of other background site, the concentration of MAN was systematically higher than any other comparable sites. Results of correlation analysis between MAN and other background sites generally showed up the existence of strong correlations, indicating that the relative effect of $CO_2$ concentration change can proceed similarly over the globe. However, notable differences in annual growth rate of $CO_2$ between MAN and all the comparative sites suggested that its concentration in th MAN area be regulated in more complicated manners than those in the other areas. It is thus suspected that the data collected form MAN area be not effective enough to represent areal distribution characteristics of $CO_2$in the Korean Peninsula.

• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.193-206
• /
• 2006

Recently, high ozone episode occurred frequently in Korea. Moreover ozone episode occurred not only in the city but also in background area where local anthropogenic sources are not important. It analyzed frequency exceeding 100ppb ozone at air quality monitoring stations in Seoul and rural area during 1995-2004. This paper reports on the use of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modelling system to predict hourly ozone levels. Domain resolutions of 30km, 10km, 3.333km (innermost) have been employed for this study. Summer periods in June 2004 have been simulated and the predicted results have been compared to data for metropolitan and rural air quality monitoring stations. The model performance has been evaluated with measured data through a range of statistical measures. Although, the CMAQ model reproduces the ozone temporal spatial trends it was not able to simulate the peak magnitudes consistently.

• ETRI Journal
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.83-97
• /
• 1997

The CDMA Mobile System (CMS) has been developed by Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) and field-tested for commercial service deployment in Korea. The project was started in 1989 and completed in 1995 with the CMS commercial test. During the course of development, there had been active technical cooperation with Qualcomm, Inc. and Korean manufacturers. The CMS adopted the basic CDMA concepts conforming to Korean CDMA system which was derived form IS-95. The CMS functions are allocated to subsystems by considering efficiency and expandability. The CMS consists of mobile stations and the infrastructure which is composed of base stations, mobile exchanges and home location register/authentication center. The commercial field tests performed both in Taejon and Seoul have indicated that the CMS capacity is 10 to 15 times larger than that of AMPS. This paper overviews the development history, system characteristics, architecture and test results.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 2019

Against the background of the rapid development of the Shanghai Metro network, this paper attempts to establish an analytical approach to evaluate the impact of multiple transport network accessibilities on commercial space use in metro station areas. Ten well-developed metro station areas in central Shanghai are selected as samples. Commercial space floor area and visitors in these areas are collected. Using ArcGIS and Spatial Design Network Analysis, the Shanghai Metro network and road network are modeled to compute diversified transport accessibilities. Evidence from land use and commercial space floor area within a 0-to-500-meter buffer zone of stations is consistent with location and land-use theory: commercial land use is concentrated closer to stations. Correlation analysis suggests that hourly visitors to the shopping mall are mainly influenced by metro network accessibility, while retail stores and restaurants are affected by both metro and pedestrian accessibility.

• 한국지구과학회지
• /
• 제44권6호
• /
• pp.594-610
• /
• 2023

상시미동을 이용한 수평-수직 스펙트럼 비 방법은 해당부지의 공명주파수와 지반증폭 계수를 추정하여 퇴적층 두께 및 부지응답 등 지반특성을 평가하기 위해 널리 사용된다. 이 연구는 배경잡음을 관측한 깊이와 풍속 변화가 HVSR 결과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 지표형 지진계와 지중형 지진계가 설치되어 있는 8개 지진관측소를 선택하여 연구를 진행하였다. 분석결과를 종합해서 지진센서가 설치된 깊이에서의 지질학적 특성이 HVSR 결과에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 결정된 공명주파수는 지진센서가 설치된 퇴적층 전체 두께를 지시한다. 지표에서 관측한 배경잡음을 분석하면 풍속 변화에 따라 공명주파수가 다르게 추정된다. 이번 연구에서 분석한 결과는 지중 20-66 m 깊이에서 관측한 배경잡음은 풍속 변화에도 불구하고 공명주파수가 일정하게 추정되었다. 지중 100 m 이상의 깊은 깊이에서 수집한 상시미동 자료를 HVSR 분석하는 것은 결과가 불안정하다. 이번 연구는 지진계를 얕은 깊이(~0.3 m)에 매설하고 약한 풍속에서 관측한 자료를 사용하여도 HVSR 분석 목적을 달성하기에 충분한 결과를 얻을 수 있음을 보여준다.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.76-82
• /
• 2019

Background and Objectives: Noise levels and room acoustic parameters at a tertiary referral hospital, Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) in Korea, are investigated. Materials and Methods: Through a questionnaire, acoustically problematic rooms are identified. Noise levels in emergency rooms (ERs) and intensive care units (ICUs) are measured over about three days. Acoustically critical and problematic rooms in the otolaryngology department are measured including examination rooms, operating rooms, nurse stations, receptions, and patient rooms. Results: The A-weighted equivalent noise level, L_Aeq, ranges from 54 to 56 dBA, which is at least 10 dB lower than the noise levels of 65 to 73 dBA measured in American ERs. In an ICU, the noise level for the first night was 66 dBA, which came down to 56 dBA for the next day. The noise levels during three different ear surgeries vary from 57 to 62 dBA, depending on the use of surgical drills and suctions. The noise levels in a patient room is found to be 47 dBA, while the nurse stations and the receptions have high noise levels up to 64 dBA. The reverberation times in an operation room, examination room, and single patient room are found to be below 0.6 s. Conclusions: At SNUH, the nurse stations and receptions were found to be quite noisy. The ERs were quieter than in the previous studies. The measured reverberation times seemed low enough but some other nurse stations and examination rooms were not satisfactory according to the questionnaire.

• 대한청각학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.76-82
• /
• 2019

Background and Objectives: Noise levels and room acoustic parameters at a tertiary referral hospital, Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) in Korea, are investigated. Materials and Methods: Through a questionnaire, acoustically problematic rooms are identified. Noise levels in emergency rooms (ERs) and intensive care units (ICUs) are measured over about three days. Acoustically critical and problematic rooms in the otolaryngology department are measured including examination rooms, operating rooms, nurse stations, receptions, and patient rooms. Results: The A-weighted equivalent noise level, L_Aeq, ranges from 54 to 56 dBA, which is at least 10 dB lower than the noise levels of 65 to 73 dBA measured in American ERs. In an ICU, the noise level for the first night was 66 dBA, which came down to 56 dBA for the next day. The noise levels during three different ear surgeries vary from 57 to 62 dBA, depending on the use of surgical drills and suctions. The noise levels in a patient room is found to be 47 dBA, while the nurse stations and the receptions have high noise levels up to 64 dBA. The reverberation times in an operation room, examination room, and single patient room are found to be below 0.6 s. Conclusions: At SNUH, the nurse stations and receptions were found to be quite noisy. The ERs were quieter than in the previous studies. The measured reverberation times seemed low enough but some other nurse stations and examination rooms were not satisfactory according to the questionnaire.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.415-420
• /
• 2000

The daily mean concentrations of PM2.5 mass ionic species carbonaceous species and HNO3, HCl, and NH3 were analyzed at three background sites in Korea : Kangwha, Kosan, and Dongbaik during two intensive field studies between December 1996 and January 1997, Four-day backward trajectory analysis was also carried out. The mean concentrations of anthropogenic species were higher at Kangwha and Dongbaik than Kosan. At these two sites themean concentrations of nitrate and ammonium/ammonia were higher than those of Kosan. It was suggested that these two sites be considered as the background sites of the Seoul Metropolitan Area and Pusan respectively. Major chemical components in fine particles were sulfate organic carbon nitrate and ammonium for all the sites. More than 90% of sulfate were non-sea-salt(nss) sulfates and most of the nss sulfate in PM2.5 might be present as ammonium sulfates at all sites. Most of air parcels arriving a Kangwha and Dongbaik were from the northern China. At Kosan during the measurement period half of air parcels were from the northern China and the other half from the southern China. At Kosan the concentrations of anthropogenic air pollutants originated from the southern China were higher than those typically observed from the northern China.

• 지질공학
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.435-445
• /
• 2013

내진설계기준이 국내 고유의 지반 특성을 제대로 반영하지 못하고 있어 특히 고진동수 구간에서 실제 관측된 가속도 스펙트럼 값이 내진설계기준보다 상대적으로 크게 나타나는 등 문제점이 많다고 지적되어 왔다. 지반증폭 특성을 분석할 때 여러 가지 방법이 제시되어 있으나 본 연구는 지반진동의 수평/수직 비율을 이용하는 방법을 적용하였다. 이 방법은 최근 배경잡음, S파 및 Coda파 등에 적용되어 지반의 동적인 증폭 특성연구에 많이 이용되고 있다. 본 연구는 후쿠오카 지진으로부터 관측된 지반진동의 Coda파 및 배경잡음을 분석하였고 결과를 일련의 후쿠오카 지진의 S파 에너지를 분석한 결과와 비교하였다. 2005년 3월 20일 발생한 후쿠오카 본진을 포함하여 규모 3.9 이상의 모두 15개 중규모의 후속 지진으로부터 국내 관측소에 관측된 각각 267개 지반진동 자료의 Coda파 및 배경잡음을 분석하여 국내 8개 주요 지진관측소 지반의 동적인 증폭특성을 분석하였다. 각각의 지진관측소마다 저 진동수 및 고진동수 특성, 관측소 고유의 우월진동수가 서로 상이하여 관측소 고유의 증폭특성을 보여주었다. 대다수 관측소는 S파 및 배경잡음 에너지를 분석한 결과와 많은 부분이 유사함을 보여 주었다. 물론 본 연구로부터 도출된 결과를 다른 방법을 적용하여 얻어진 결과와 비교할 경우 주요 국내 지진관측소지반의 동적특성 및 지반분류 연구에 많은 정보를 제시할 수 있다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.179-187
• /
• 1996

Sampling of precipitation occurred at Woongchon in Choongnam from the period between May 1994 and April 1995 was made, and analysis on the data was carried out on observed pH values of the precipitations. It was found that weighted mean pH values were .sim. 4.8 and that acid rain occurred at the site of the Yellow Sea's coastal area. The results agree well with the earlier observations made at other sites of a background monitoring network. The annual values observed at the background monitoring sites were too low in comparison with the mean pH values (5.3 .sim. 5.9) obtained from urban stations of the Ministry of Environment. It was observed that values of pH in rain water often changed with time during the event of precipitation, and the low values usually depended on an airflow and a cyclone that originated in the source region.