• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.147-151
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• 2014

A boron doping process using a boron tri-bromide ($BBr_3$) as a boron source was applied to form a $p^+$ emitter layer on an n-type mono-crystalline CZ substrate. Nitrogen ($N_2$) gas as an additive of the diffusion process was varied in order to study the variations in sheet resistance and the uniformity of doped layer. The flow rate of $N_2$ gas flow was changed in the range 3 slm~10 slm. The sheet resistance uniformity however was found to be variable with the variation of the $N_2$ flow rate. The optimal flow rate for $N_2$ gas was found to be 4 slm, resulting in a sheet resistance value of $50{\Omega}/sq$ and having a uniformity of less than 10%. The process temperature was also varied in order to study its influence on the sheet resistance and minority carrier lifetimes. A higher lifetime value of $1727.72{\mu}s$ was achieved for the emitter having $51.74{\Omega}/sq$ sheet resistances. The thickness of the boron rich layer (BRL) was found to increase with the increase in the process temperature and a decrease in the sheet resistance was observed with the increase in the process temperature. Furthermore, a passivated emitter solar cell (PESC) type solar cell structure comprised of a boron doped emitter and phosphorus doped back surface field (BSF) having Ni/Cu contacts yielding 15.32% efficiency is fabricated.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제42권11호
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• pp.958-967
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• 2014

효율적인 RCS 감소 연구를 위해 고주파수 근사 기법을 연계한 혼합기법 기반의 RCS 예측 코드를 개발하였다. 연계기법으로 전자기파 산란에 관한 고주파 기법인 물리광학법(Physical Optics)과 기하광학법(Geometrical Optics)을 이용하였다. RCS 산란 메커니즘의 하나인 Cavity Return 효과를 확인하기 위해 Inlet 영역은 기하광학법을 적용하였고, 그 외 영역은 물리광학법을 적용하였다. 예측코드의 정확성을 검증하기 위하여 구의 이론해와 예측결과를 비교하였고, Cavity가 존재하는 Sphere에 대한 Full Wave 해석해와 결과값을 비교하였다. 마지막으로 비행체 형상에 대한 RCS 해석문제에 적용하여 개발 코드의 유용성을 확인하였다.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국태양에너지학회 2012년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.108-112
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• 2012

Crystalline silicon solar cell remains the major player in the photovoltaic marketplace with 90 % of the market, despite the development of a variety of thin film technologies. Silicon's excellent efficiency, stability, material abundance and low toxicity have helped to maintain its position of dominance. However, the cost of silicon photovoltaic remains a major barrier to reducing the cost of silicon photovoltaics. Using the crystalline silicon wafer with thinner thickness is the promising way for cost and material reduction in the solar cell production. However, the thinner thickness of silicon wafer is, the worse bow phenomenon is induced. The bow phenomenon is observed when two or more layers of materials of different temperature expansion coefficiencies are in contact, in this case silicon and aluminum. In this paper, the solar cells were fabricated with different thicknesses of Al layer in order to reduce the bow phenomenon. With lower paste applications, we observed that the bow could be reduced by up to 40% of the largest value with 130 micron thickness of the wafer even though the conversion efficiency decrease of 0.5 % occurred. Since the bowed wafers lead to unacceptable yield losses during the module construction, the reduction of bow is indispensable on thin crystalline silicon solar cell. In this work, we have studied on the counterbalance between the bow and conversion efficiency and also suggest the formation of enough back surface field (BSF) with thinner Al paste application.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.378-383
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• 2017

Background This study aimed to assess the effects of the topical application of tamoxifen on wound healing of burned skin in Wistar rats by evaluating 3 healing characteristics: fibrotic tissue thickness (FTT), scar surface area (SSA), and angiogenesis in the healed scar tissue. Methods Eighteen male Wistar rats were used in this study. A third-degree burn wound was made on the shaved animals' back, measuring $2{\times}2{\times}2cm$. In the first group, a 2% tamoxifen ointment was applied to the wound twice daily for 8 weeks. The second group received a placebo ointment during the same period. The third group did not receive any treatment and served as the control group. Results The median (interquartile range=[Q1, Q3]) FTT was 1.35 (1.15, 1.62) mm, 1.00 (0.95, 1.02) mm, and 1.25 (0.8, 1.5) mm in the control, tamoxifen, and placebo groups, respectively (P=0.069). However, the FTT in the tamoxifen group was less than in the placebo and control groups. The median angiogenesis was 3.5 (3.00, 6.25), 8.00 (6.75, 9.25), and 7.00 (5.50, 8.25) vessels per high-power field for the control, tamoxifen, and placebo groups, respectively (P=0.067). However, the median angiogenesis was higher in the tamoxifen group than in the control group. No significant difference was observed in the mean SSA between the tamoxifen group and the control group (P=0.990). Conclusions Local application of tamoxifen increased angiogenesis and decreased the FTT, with no change in the SSA in burned skin areas. These effects are expected to expedite the wound healing process, reducing contracture and preventing hypertrophic scar and keloid formation.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.117-128
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• 2018

In this paper, compact linear dual polarized series-fed $1{\times}2$ linear and $2{\times}2$ planar arrays antennas for airborne SAR applications are proposed. The proposed antenna design consists of a square radiating patch that is placed on top of the substrate, a quarter wave transformer and $50-{\Omega}$ matched transformer. Matching between a radiating patch and the $50-{\Omega}$ microstrip line is accomplished through a direct coupled-feed technique with the help of an impedance inverter (${\lambda}/4$ impedance transformer) placed at both horizontal and vertical planes, in the case of the $2{\times}2$ planar array. The overall size for the prototype-1 and prototype-2 fabricated antennas are $1.9305{\times}0.9652{\times}0.05106{{\lambda}_0}^3$ and $1.9305{\times}1.9305{\times}0.05106{{\lambda}_0}^3$, respectively. The fabricated structure has been tested, and the experimental results are similar to the simulated ones. The CST MWS simulated and vector network analyzer measured reflection coefficient ($S_{11}$) results were compared, and they indicate that the proposed antenna prototype-1 yields the impedance bandwidth >140 MHz (9.56-9.72 GHz) defined by $S_{11}$<-10 dB with 1.43%, and $S_{21}$<-25 dB in the case of prototype-2 (9.58-9.74 GHz, $S_{11}$< -10 dB) >140 MHz for all the individual ports. The surface currents and the E- and H-field distributions were studied for a better understanding of the polarization mechanism. The measured results of the proposed dual polarized antenna were in accordance with the simulated analysis and showed good performance of the S-parameters and radiation patterns (co-pol and cross-pol), gain, efficiency, front-to-back ratio, half-power beam width) at the resonant frequency. With these features and its compact size, the proposed antenna will be suitable for X-band airborne synthetic aperture radar applications.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.272-272
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• 2010

최근 화합물반도체를 이용한 집광형 고효율 태양전지가 차세대 태양전지로서 주목을 받기 시작하였다. GaAs를 주축으로 하는 고신뢰성 고효율 태양전지는 높은 가격으로 인해 응용이 제한되어왔으나, 고집광 기술을 접목하여 태양전지 재료 사용을 수 백배 이상 줄이면서도 동시에 효율을 극도로 향상시킴으로써 차세대 태양전지로 활발히 개발되고 있다. GaAs 기판을 이용한 다중접합의 태양전지는 n-type GaAs 기판 위에 버퍼 층, GaInP back surface field 층, GaAs p-n 접합, AlInP 창층, GaAs p-n 접합의 터널접합층, 상부전지로서 GaInP p-n 접합, AlInP 창층 순서로 epi-taxial structure를 형성하고 전극과 무반사막을 구성한다. 이러한 태양전지의 효율을 결정하는 요인 중, 상부 전극은 전기적 및 광학적 손실을 일으키는 원인으로써 최소화되어야 한다. 그런데 이러한 이중접합 화합물 태양전지에 집광한 태양광을 조사할 경우, 태양광을 집광한 만큼 전류가 증가하게 되며 증가한 전류가 전극에 흐르면서 전기적 효율 손실을 유발하게 된다. 따라서, 집광형 화합물 반도체 태양전지의 전극에 의한 손실에 대한 연구가 선행되어 저항에서 손실되는 전력을 최소화하여야만 전기적 손실이 낮은 고집광 태양전지 개발이 가능하다. 본 논문에서는 먼저 전극 두께가 0.5${\mu}m$인 GaInP/GaAs 이중접합 태양전지 (효율 25.5% : AM1.5G)의 집광시 효율 변화에 대해서 연구하였다. 이후 이러한 효율 변화가 전극 구조의 최적화에 의해서 개선 될 수 있는지를 삼차원 모의실험을 통해서 확인하였다. 모의실험에는 Crosslight 사의 APSYS를 사용하였고, material parameter를 보정하여 실제 실험 결과에 근사 시킨 후 전극 구조에 대한 최적화를 하였다.

• 해양정책연구
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.147-181
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• 2018

Currently, we are living in the era of the 4th industrial revolution. In the field of shipping industry, the MASS is a revolutionary game changer in the making arising out of such an industrial and technical innovation in the pursuit of radically challenging the pre-existing system of a human-operated vessel. Given this trend, the entire maritime regulatory regime, which has been designed by, and intertwined with, human seaworthiness, abruptly faces the most unprecedented normative confrontations now and increasingly in the coming days. As the constitution of ocean, UNCLOS, provides, every flag state is obliged to effectively exercise its jurisdiction to secure technical and human seaworthiness. Moreover, the coastal state may institute protective proceedings against vessels in respect of any violations of its laws to protect its marine environment in maritime zones of the coastal state. Further, UNCLOS acknowledges that the port state's authority extends to take administrative measures to prevent sub-standard ships from sailing within the ports or offshore-terminals of the state. These three jurisdictional functions will be required to more closely interface with each other than ever over the legal and political implications created by MASS. Although states' jurisdictional nuances are significant in this present world tilting back to protectionism, there are few articles to present jurisdictional issues of states and conceivable normative discourse with regard to MASS. This articles visits potential jurisdictional conflicts underlying MASS and tries to strike balance between contradictory interpretive approaches under UNCLOS while it is undeniable that this doctrinal research tends to strive to find justifications within the current framework of international law.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.697-702
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• 2019

In this study, using a wet chemical process, we evaluate the effectiveness of different solution concentrations in removing layers from a solar cell, which is necessary for recovery of high-purity silicon. A 4-step wet etching process is applied to a 6-inch back surface field(BSF) solar cell. The metal electrode is removed in the first and second steps of the process, and the anti-reflection coating(ARC) is removed in the third step. In the fourth step, high purity silicon is recovered by simultaneously removing the emitter and the BSF layer from the solar cell. It is confirmed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy(ICP-MS) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy(SIMS) analyses that the effectiveness of layer removal increases with increasing chemical concentrations. The purity of silicon recovered through the process, using the optimal concentration for each process, is analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES). In addition, the silicon wafer is recovered through optimum etching conditions for silicon recovery, and the solar cell is remanufactured using this recovered silicon wafer. The efficiency of the remanufactured solar cell is very similar to that of a commercial wafer-based solar cell, and sufficient for use in the PV industry.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권3D호
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• pp.435-444
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• 2006

본 논문은 AREA법을 사용하는 줄눈 콘크리트포장의 평가에 3차원 유한요소모델을 사용하는 경우 나타나는 특성을 조사하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 실제 콘크리트포장을 거동을 반영할 수 있는 3차원 유한요소모델을 구축하였고 2차원 모델과 비교한 후 민감도 분석을 수행하였다. ILLISLAB을 사용한 2차원 모델과 비교하였고 하중형태의 영향 보다 하중재하 지점의 자체수축과 기층모델에 따른 영향을 더 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 3차원 모델에서 비선형 온도구배를 선형 온도구배로 변화시키는 경우 발생하는 영향을 조사하였고 큰 차이를 보이지는 않았으나 지반 탄성계수가 작아질수록 더 많은 차이를 보였다. 동적하중에 의한 처짐을 구하였고 정적하중에 의한 처짐과 비교한 결과 낮은 지반 탄성계수에서는 동적하중에 의한 처짐이 작게 나타났으나 높은 지반 탄성계수에서는 동적하중에 의한 처짐이 크게 나타났다. 동적하중에 의한 처짐 이력을 구하고 AREA법을 이용하여 동적지지력과 탄성계수를 역산하였으며 이를 정적 처짐에 의한 결과와 비교하였다. 그 결과 동적지지력의 경우 정적 해석에 의한 값보다 동적해석에 의한 값이 낮게 나타났고 탄성계수의 경우 반대의 경향을 나타내어 현장에서 AREA법을 사용하는 경우 나타나는 평가결과의 특성을 설명하는 것으로 판단되었다.

• Composites Research
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.342-348
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• 2023

최근 웨어러블 소자를 이용한 신체와 주변 온도의 실시간 모니터링에 대한 수요가 급격히 증가하고 있다. 그래핀 기반 써미스터가 고성능 유연 온도 센서로 개발되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 단일층 그래핀의 온도 측정 성능을 개선하기 위하여 표면에 polyethylenimine(PEI)를 코팅하여 저항 온도 계수(TCR)를 조절하였다. 화학기상증착법(CVD)에 의해 합성한 단일층 그래핀은 습식 전사 공정을 통해 원하는 기판에 전사되었다. PEI에 의한 계면 도핑을 유도하기 위하여, 소수성의 그래핀 표면을 산소 플라즈마 처리를 통해 결함을 최소화하면서 친수성으로 제어하였다. PEI 도핑 효과를 전계효과트랜지스터(FET)를 이용하여 확인하였다. PEI 도핑에 의해서 CVD 그래핀의 TCR 값이 30~50℃의 온도 범위에서 -0.49(±0.03)%/K로 향상된 것을 확인하였다.