• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.89-99
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• 2002

The multifamily housing has various advantages in construction cost, land-use intensity. KRIHS(1997) recommended the proper scale of th multifamily housing as 800 households in constructability, 1,000 households in facility compactability, 500 households in social aspect. At the early planning stage of project, the size of the multiftmily housing has, until now, been maximizingly considered under the regulation on which has been emphasized at the building volume ratio, land area, etc., except for the expenditure during the maintenance stage. This paper aimed at providing the proper size of multifamily housing in aspect of area and household number with maintenance cost at the early stage of project. For these, it took 곧 average cost function which is made from the 3-rd quardratic form and analyzes the unit increasing rate of the average cost. It surveyed in nationwide focused on the central heating system using diesel and kerosene. The number of samples is 88 and items of management cost is 11. The results are as follows ; first, 3rd-order quadratic function is proper at explaining the cost variation, considering the multicollinearity and statistics. Second, the proper size of multifamily housing is recommended with 83,000 $m^2$ on management area, 820 or over the 2,630 household number in aspect of total management cost.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.169-185
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• 2003

Recently many researchers contributed to the understanding of Quality Control System, but the use of economics in the design of quality assurance system is limited in treatment of the relationship between the average incoming quality level (or average process quality level) of the incoming lot and the average outgoing quality level of this lot. In this study, a traditional concept of sampling inspection plan for the quality assurance system is extended to a consideration of economic aspects in total production system by representing and analyzing the effects between proceeding and succeeding production process including inspection process. This approach recognizes that the decision at each manufacturing process (or assembly process), is to be determined not only by the cost and the average outgoing quality level of that process, but also by the input parameters of the cost and the incoming quality to the succeeding process. By analyzing the effects of the average incoming and outgoing quality, manufacturing or assembly process quality level and sampling inspection plan on the production system, mathematical models and solution technique to minimize the total production cost for a general product manufacturing system with specified average outgoing quality limit are suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.318-327
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• 2002

The purposes of this study were to: a) examine charateristics of foodservice manaegment practices; b) investigate characteristics of recipients; c) analyze foodservice systems; and d) provide feedback for the efficient and effective foodservice management of welfare institutions for the homeless in Korea. A total of 27 sites was analyzed by questionnaire survey. Satatistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS package program for descriptive analysis. As results of site recipients' characteristics, 69% of total sites were males and 31% were female recipients. Average 60% of recipients were from 30 to 50 years old. Major diseases of recipients were high pressure, and obesity. According to the result of foodservice system analysis, the average meal cost per day was about 2,943 won and average food cost percentage was 29%. Average number of meals per day was about 600 meals. Mostl sites had one dietitian and 48.1% of sites had one cook as a full-time employee. In the part of procurement, dietitians were major chargers of sites for purchasing foods. Major purchasing method was the order and delivery contract. About a half of sites used cycle menu system and standardized recipies. Most of sites had recipients' survey systems for evaluating meal satisfaction. Dietitians at sites had problems on lack of cooking professionals and low meal cost budget for providing higher quality of foods to cure recipients. The results suggested that financial and systematical supports by the government would be very necessary to meet the goal of nutritional balanced meal services.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.85-102
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• 2015

Purpose: This study is aimed to develope effective guidelines of R&D institute with regard to general management cost, by analyzing the management characteristics of 14 domestic R&D institutes general management costs. Methods: The bootstrapping method is applied to obtain the average general management cost of 14 R&D institute and the effective R&D institutes are presented by comparing the general management costs of R&D and the rate of inflation. Results: The results show that the average R&D general management cost of 14 R&D institutes is 3.32% and, in general, it turns out that the R&D general management costs do not reflect the inflation rate after a comparative analysis of the variation of the R&D general management costs. In addition, the results of cost-effective analysis show that only 5 R&D institutes are efficient in R&D activities. Conclusion: Applying a uniform standard of R&D general management costs although their management characteristics are different, can cause the impediment to the independence and transparency of R&D institutes. Therefore it is recommended a strict implementation with respect to the monitoring system of each R&D institute and the budget policy methods which are reflected management characteristics.

• Management Science and Financial Engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1-20
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• 2010

In this paper, the impact of various system parameters such as the parameters of actual demand process, the review periods and the lead times, under each combination of inventory policies and information sharing, on the long run average inventory cost per period incurred at each participant in a supply chain, is considered. For this purpose, numerical studies are conducted, from which some valuable information as to how sensitive our long run average inventory cost per period are as the model parameters change is gleaned, from which, in turn, some managerial insights are gleaned in order for industry practitioners to perform better in supply chain management.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.128-134
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• 2016

Estimating the repair and reinforcement (R&R) costs for each bridge member is essential for managing the life cycle of a bridge using a bridge management system (BMS). Representative members of a bridge were defined in this study, and detailed and representative R&R methods for each one were drawn in order to develop a systematic maintenance cost model that is applicable to the BMS. The unit cost for each detailed R&R method was established using the standard of estimate and historical cost data, and a systematic procedure is presented using an integration program to enable easy renewal of the R&R unit cost. Also, the average unit cost of the representative R&R methods was calculated in the form of a weighted average by considering the unit cost and application frequency of each detained R&R method. The appropriateness of the drawn average unit cost was reviewed by comparing and verifying it with the previous historical unit cost. The suggested average R&R unit cost can be used to review the validity of the required budget or the appropriateness of the R&R performance cost in the stage to establish the bridge maintenance plan. The results of this study are expected to improve the reliability of maintenance cost information and the rationality of decision making.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.108-120
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• 1993

In this article an economic life test sampling plan is considered for repairable products when the products in each lot have the same interfailure time distribution, but the mean time between failure (MTBF) of a lot varies from lot to lot according to a known prior distribution. A cost model is constructed which consists of test cost, accept cost, and reject cost. Determination of the optimal plan which minimizes the expected average cost per lot is discussed. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the use of the proposed sampling plans and sensitivity analyses for parameters of the prior distribution are performed.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 1987

A rectifying inspection plan is considered for the case of destructive testing. Screening inspection for rejected lots is performed by some nondestructive testing which is prone to misclassification errors. Apparent defectives found in the screening process is replaced with apparent good items. The plan provides LTPD protection on each individual lot while the sum of the cost of testing and the cost due to producer's risk at process average quality is minimized. A brief discussion on average outgoing quality is also given.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.288-298
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• 2012

Lot sizing and shipment scheduling are two interrelated decisions made by a manufacturing plant and a third-party logistics distribution center. This paper analyzes a dynamic inbound ordering problem and shipment problem with a freight container cost, in which the order size of multiple products and single container type are simultaneously considered. In the problem, each ordered product placed in a period is immediately shipped by some freight containers in the period, and the total freight cost is proportional to the number of containers employed. It is assumed that the load size of each product is equal and backlogging is not allowed. The objective of this study is to simultaneously determine the lot-sizes and the shipment schedule that minimize the total costs, which consist of production cost, inventory holding cost, and freight cost. Because the problem is NP-hard, we propose three meta-heuristic algorithms: a simulated annealing algorithm, a genetic algorithm, and a new population-based evolutionary meta-heuristic called self-evolution algorithm. The performance of the meta-heuristic algorithms is compared with a local search heuristic proposed by the previous paper in terms of the average deviation from the optimal solution in small size problems and the average deviation from the best one among the replications of the meta-heuristic algorithms in large size problems.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.49-70
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• 2004

This study analyzes the effect of separation of dispensary from medical practice on hospital management performance. The results are as follow. The earning ratios of large size hospitals become deteriorated significantly after the separation of dispensary. The growth ratios of revenues from inpatient were unchanged, but the growth ratios of revenues from outpatient of large and middle size hospitals were decreased significantly. Hospitals can't sell the medicines to the outpatient after the separation of dispensary, but they can do to the outpatient. The labor cost ratios of small and large size hospitals are increased significantly after the separation of dispensary. There are two reasons for increase of labor cost ratios. One is the decrease of material cost ratio. The other is the increase of doctor's salary. The material cost ratios of every size hospital are decreased significantly after the separation of dispensary. Because medicines costs of outpatients are decreased. The labor cost and doctors' salary per patient of middle and large size hospitals are increased significantly after the separation of dispensary. And average treatment fees per day of inpatients of middle and large size hospitals are increased significantly after the separation of dispensary. But those of outpatients are decreased significantly. Average numbers of outpatients per bed of small and large hospitals are decreased significantly after the separation of dispensary. And average numbers of inpatients per bed of large hospitals are decreased significantly. In summary, as a consequence of separation of dispensary from medical practice, management performances of large size hospitals become deteriorated significantly.