• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.555-561
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• 2013

The hardenability of low-carbon boron steels with different molybdenum and chromium contents was investigated using dilatometry, microstructural observations and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and then discussed in terms of the segregation and precipitation behaviors of boron. The hardenability was quantitatively evaluated by a critical cooling rate obtained from the hardness distribution plotted as a function of cooling rate. It was found that the molybdenum addition was more effective than the chromium addition to increase the hardenability of boron steels, in contrast to boron-free steels. The addition of 0.2 wt.% molybdenum completely suppressed the formation of eutectoid ferrite, even at the slow cooling rate of $0.2^{\circ}C/s$, while the addition of 0.5 wt.% chromium did this at cooling rates above $3^{\circ}C/s$. The SIMS analysis results to observe the boron distribution at the austenite grain boundaries confirmed that the addition of 0.2 wt.% molybdenum effectively increased the hardenability of boron steels, as the boron atoms were significantly segregated to the austenite grain boundaries without the precipitation of borocarbide, thus retarding the austenite-to-ferrite transformation compared to the addition of 0.5 wt.% chromium. On the other hand, the synergistic effect of molybdenum and boron on the hardenability of boron steels could be explained from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.20-31
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• 1990

This investigation has been carried out to make clear the effect of deformation temperature, strain rate and grain size on the tensile properties of 304L stainless steel. Tensile properties of the metastable austenitic 304L steel remarkably influenced by deformation temperature. Tensile strength increased with decreasing deformation temperature and the elongation showed maximum value near $40^{\circ}C$. In order to obtain the high elongation, a large amount of deformation is available in austenite before martensitic transformation and the martensite has to be induced gradually. Tensile strength and elongation increased with decreasing grain size. The temperature representing the maximum elongation shifted to low temperature and the peak width of elongation became broaden with decreasing austenite grain size. The volume fraction of strain induced martensite decreased with decreasing austenite grain size. As the strain rate increase, the temperature representing the maximum elongation value shifted to high temperature and volume fraction of strain induced martensite decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.543-547
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• 1995

A set of $Fe_{1-x}Ni_{x}$ (x=0.10, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.50, 0.60, 0.75, 0.85) fine particles prepared by the gas evaporation technique was studied by $M\"{o}ssbauer$, XRD and other techniques. The XRD and $M\"{o}ssbauer$ patterns of the sample with x=0.10 ($Fe_{90}Ni_{10}$) were found to be exceptionally different, showing an austenite phase stability when the particles are quenched. This phase stability is quite different from that of the corresponding bulk alloy. Using binomial distrbution fits of the $M\"{o}ssbauer$ spectra of the particles in terms of nearest and next nearest neighbour configurations around the Fe atoms, an analysis of this phase stability is given. The changes in the relative intensities of the resulting magnetic sextets are used to determine the increase in martensite following the austenite-martensite transformation process. The stable austenite can, therefore, be determined. This stability may be related to the oxide surface layer and the small number of atoms of these fine particles.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.346-354
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• 2000

Effect of Nb addition on the phase transformation behavior was studied through continuous cooling transformation tests after reheating(reheating CCT) and deforming(deforming CCT) the 0.07%C-1.3%Mn-0.015%Ti-(0~0.08)% Nb steels. Transformation temperatures for deforming CCT were lower than those for reheating CCT, and the critical cooling rate for bainite transformation during deforming CCT was lower than that during reheating CCT. These enhanced hardenability for deforming CCT was considered to come from the sufficient solid solution of Nb in austenite during high temperature reheating before deformation. With Nb addition, the phase transformation temperature decreased, the bainite formation was enhanced, and the hardness of steel increased. Furthermore, these phenomena were more remarkable for deforming CCT than for reheating CCT. From the results, Nb-Ti bearing low carbon steel was considered to be a very favorable alloy system with good strength/toughness balance by recrystallization control rolling process.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.38-50
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• 1994

Fundamental deformation mechanism and plastic behavior of AISI304 austenitic stainless steel were investigated to evaluate press formability. Local and uniform deformation capacity of AISI304 steel were compared to those of ferritic AISI430 steel and Al killed low carbon steel. Nine kinds of austenitic stainless steels having different austenite stabilities were made in laboratory scale to examine the transformation behavior in various deformation mode and variation of mechanical properties. Deformation path and strain distributions along edge corner of commercial sink die were illustrated and effect of austenite stability on press forming of sink die was clarified with experiments using square cup drawing tools.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.14 no.3 s.75
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• pp.215-223
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• 2005

A numerical analysis program is developed by FDM scheme for the prediction of microstructural transformation during heat treatment of steels. In this study, multi-phase model was used fur description of diffusional austenite transformations in low-alloy hypoeutectoid steels during cooling after austenitization. A fundamental property of the model consisting of coupled differential equations is that by taking into account the rate of austenite grain growth, it permits the prediction of the progress of ferrite, pearlite, and bainite transformations simultaneously during quenching and estimate the amount of martensite also by using K-M eq. In order to simulate the microstructural evolution during tempering process, another Avrami-type eq. was adopted and method for vickers hardness prediction was also proposed. To verify the developed program, the calculated results are compared with experimental ones of casting product. Based on these results, newly designed heat treatment process is proposed and it was proved to be effective for industry.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2005

This study has been carried out to investigate the microstructure of austempered high carbon cast steel with the variation of silicon and heat treatment conditions. The results show that an lower ausferritic structure is formed at the low austemepring temperature ($250{\sim}300^{\circ}C$) and an upper ausferritic structure is formed at the high austemepring temperature ($350{\sim}400^{\circ}C$). As an austempering temperature increased, the retained austenite volume fraction increased, however hardness decreased. Also, as a silicon content increased, the precipitation of cementite was suppressed, therefore 2nd reaction of autempering transformation was delayed.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.138-143
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• 2001

To perform the rigorous integrity evaluation of RPV, it is necessary to consider metallurgical factors such as microstructure evolution during multi-pass welding process and PWHT. The microstructures of the heat affected zone(HAZ) of SA508 steel were predicted by a combination of simulated thermal analysis and a simple kinetic models for austenite grain growth and austenite-ferrite transformation. Phase equilibrium of SA508 steel were calculated using a Thermo-Calc package. Carbide growth in th HAZ were predicted by a empirical model, taking into account the predicted microstructure evolution.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.396-401
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• 2016

Recently, Multi-strength hot stamping process has been widely used to achieve lightweight and crashworthiness in automotive industry. In concept of multi-strength hot stamping process, process design of tailor rolled blank(TRB) in partial heating is difficult because of thickness and temperature variation of blank. In this study, springback prediction of TRB in partial heating process was performed considering its thickness and temperature variation. In partial heating process, TRB was heated up to $900^{\circ}C$ for thicker side and below $Ac_3$ transformation temperature for thinner side, respectively. Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov(JMAK) equation was applied to calculate austenite fraction according to heating temperature. Calculated austenite fraction was applied to FE-simulation for the prediction of springback. Experiment for partial heating process of TRB was also performed to verify prediction accuracy of FE-simulation coupled with JMAK equation.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.525-530
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• 2013

This study investigated the continuous cooling transformation, microstructure, and mechanical properties of highstrength low-alloy steels containing B and Cu. Continuous cooling transformation diagrams under non-deformed and deformed conditions were constructed by means of dilatometry, metallographic methods, and hardness data. Based on the continuous cooling transformation behaviors, six kinds of steel specimens with different B and Cu contents were fabricated by a thermomechanical control process comprising controlled rolling and accelerated cooling. Then, tensile and Charpy impact tests were conducted to examine the correlation of the microstructure with mechanical properties. Deformation in the austenite region promoted the formation of quasi-polygonal ferrite and granular bainite with a significant increase in transformation start temperatures. The mechanical test results indicate that the B-added steel specimens had higher strength and lower upper-shelf energy than the B-free steel specimens without deterioration in low-temperature toughness because their microstructures were mostly composed of lower bainite and lath martensite with a small amount of degenerate upper bainite. On the other hand, the increase of Cu content from 0.5 wt.% to 1.5 wt.% noticeably increased yield and tensile strengths by 100 MPa without loss of ductility, which may be attributed to the enhanced solid solution hardening and precipitation hardening resulting from veryfine Cu precipitates formed during accelerated cooling.