• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 1973

This study is designed to meet the following objectives: (1) To study attitude and behavior regarding marriage and age at marriage, (2) To learn correlates of age at marriage and to examine their relations, (3) To measure relative importance of the correlates of age at marriage, and (4) To study relations of age at marriage and family planning practice to fertility and their relative importance as correlates of fertility. The data are obtained by an independent cross-sectional survey in three study areas purposively selected to represent metropolitan. semihuman. rural population. The study population is confined to women age 17-50 as of survey. The overall response rate is 90%. Reliability of data is measured by . individual and aggregate inconsistency based upon a 15% subsample of the original interviews. The individual inconsistency (31%) is found to be high compared to the aggregate inconsistency (6%) for all 85 variables. However, the magnitude of differences between means is small, and the mean absolute shifts and proportional shifts are also small on the whole. In a word respondents did not change their answers too extremely or radically. The study populations of each study area are compared on some basic characteristics. It is found that the three study populations have more dissimilarities than similarities. The findings on seven different attitudinal positions of women toward marriage indicate that there have been tremendous changes in all study areas Iron "traditional" attitudes which have been prevalent for a long time in Korean society to "liberalized" or "modernized" attitudes. An apparent tendency is that women generally take a position of a "golden mean" attitude by not preferring either extreme of marriage attitudes. Nevertheless, the young, single, educated, and urbanite appears more "liberalized. " There has been some increase in ideal age at marriage from 1958 to 1970 for both sexes. No age group, marital status, or study area differentials in ideal age at marriage are found, the average ideal age at marriage in every sub-group being 24-25. Awareness of existing legal marriageable ages is low; only 4.4% are aware that "with parental permission: minimum age for males is 18 years and for females 16 years,"and only 3.7% are aware that "without parental permission: 27 years for males and 23 years for females." People in Korra tend to marry spouses who are in various social ways like themselves: the similarities include (a) education, occupational status of father, (c) economic status, (d) usual residence before marriage, and (e) religion. Both singulars and actual mean ages at marriage in this study confirm the trend of rising age at marriage previously established by other independent studies. The urban-rural differential in age at marriage is observed, but the differential narrows down gradually from 1935 to 1970. All socio-economic, demographic, and other variables pertaining to wife before and at first marriage, excluding (a) religion, (b) father′s of occupation, and (c) as: of menarche, are correlated with respondent's age at first marriage, whereas only three variables out of all socio-economic variables relating to husband before and at wife′s first marriage, viz., (a) education, (b) usual residence, and (c) economic level of his old home, are correlated with respondent′s age at marriage. Among socio-economic and modernity variables related to either husband or wife at the time of survey, only education and duration of residence are correlated with wife′s age at first marriage. Among the correlates of respondent′age at first marriage, education is in general the most important variable. However, it is found that wife′s education is more important than husband′s. The combined effects or the correlates studied explain no more than about 40% of variance for any of the selected groups of variables. Points which might counteract the effects of late marriage on fertility are not serious in Korea. For each of the correlates of the three fertility indices chosen for this study. namely, (a) number of living children, (b) number of live births, and (c) number of pregnancies, age at marriage is the major contributor to the variance in all age groups except the age group of 20-29 in which the index of family planning practice is the major contributor. The proportion of variability in fertility indices accounted for by the correlates is never more than 40% of the total variance in any age group. Based upon the findings from this study, it could be concluded that in the foreseeable future (a) celibate group will no! be increased to a point that would slow down population growth rate in Korea, (b) age at marriage will not increase continually, (c) although education stands out as the major contributing variable which independently explains the variation in age at marriage, it seems probable that education may not be the major variable in the near future, and (d) despite the fact found by this study that age at marriages has been the major contributor to the variance of each of the fertility indices used, family planning practice will play a more important role in the reduction of fertility in the Korean society. Therefore, factors interrupting practice of family planning must be eliminated and family planning program should be strengthened if further fertility reduction is needed.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.448-467
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• 2017

Attention to living lifestyle shops covering with the wide product range including household items, interior decoration, and bedding have recently increased since consumers have been improving their standard of living and income levels and they are getting more interested in up-to-date trends of global living lifestyles. The purpose of this study is first, to analyze the market situation of living lifestyle shops using the case study method and second, to investigate consumer's store usage behavior, product purchase motives, and attitudes to the living lifestyle shops using the empirical study method. For an empirical study, the survey was conducted with 20s to 50s female respondents who have visited living lifestyle shops and a total of 227 responses were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. The results of this study were as follows. The most frequently visit store was MUJI and most of respondents tended to visit the store once a month and their interest and purchase items were household items. Only impulsive purchase motives among other motives of living lifestyle shops, such as others-oriented, situational, and reasonable motives, significantly had a positive effect on store attitudes toward living lifestyle shops. There were differences in purchasing items at living lifestyle shops depending on marriage status and occupation. Purchase motives of living lifestyle products were statistically influenced by demographic factors such as age, marriage status and income level, however store attitudes were not. The managerial implications for living lifestyle shops are discussed limitations and areas for future research as well.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.889-897
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Sexuality Attitudes and Beliefs Survey (SABS) and to assess SABS for Korean nurses. Methods: The Korean version of SABS was developed through forward-backward translation techniques. Internal consistency reliability and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis were conducted using PASW+ PC Win (18.0) and AMOS (18.0). Data were collected from 567 nurses who worked in one of six general hospitals across the country. Results: The Korean version of SABS showed a reliable internal consistency with Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of subscales ranging from .59 to .73. Factor loadings of the 10 items of three subscales ranged from .38 to .83. The three subscales model were validated by confirmatory factor analysis (GFI>.97, RMSEA<.05). Sexuality attitudes and beliefs for Korean nurses were more negative than that of European or American nurses. The SABS scores for Korean nurses were significantly different according to age, marriage, education, clinical experiences, and feeling about sexuality. Conclusion: The Korean version of SABS has satisfactory construct validity and reliability to measure Korean nurses' attitudes and belief toward sexuality. Education is essential to enhance importance and self-efficacy and to relieve barriers to addressing patients' sexuality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.229-241
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• 1998

Because sexual awareness is changing, I have tried to classify university students' attitudes toward sex. This study examined male and female university students and used a Q-method to measure these attitudes. Out of a total of 202, 33 statements were abstracted, and a P-sample of 1-7 parties consisting of 26 persons were studied. I Q-sorted the statements with a standard of 9 points for normal distribution and analyzed the data by means of a Principal Component Analysis with a Quan PC Program. According to the result of this research, university students' attitudes toward sex are divided into three types. Type 1 are called open-minded open: They may have a surgical abortion in case of an unexpected pregnancy and sexual intercourse occurs when a man and woman feel love for each other. They don't see sexual intercourse as a means reproduction nor virginal purity as unconditional. It is remarkable that these students regard sexual intercourse as a natural thing and sex as a basic desire of human beings. In short, they show an open-minded attitude toward sex. Type 2 are supporters of virginal purity; They regard virginal purity with great importance. They insist that both man and woman should be chaste but that sexual intercourse before marriage is unfavorable only to the woman. They do not believe in sexual intercourse without love and emphasize purity in sex education. Differen from type 1, they are very negative about surgical abortion. Type 3 experss love through sex. They belive that sexual intercourse makes a couple happy and a way to express their affection for each other. In other words, the relationship between man and woman is improved through sexual intercourse. They do not think of sexual intercourse in terms of childbirth.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.31-51
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• 2010

This study investigates changes in family values (attitudes toward marriage, children, and traditional sex roles) and examines how the values influence on their intentions of marriage and expected age at first marriage. A sample consists of 5,984 never married men and women drawn from the 2005 and 2009 National Marriage and Fertility Study. The results show that the endorsement on marriage and children has decreased while endorsement on traditional sex role attitude has increased over the past five years. Those who have higher values on marriage, children, and traditional sex role have a higher likelihood of marriage intention. However, the effects of the family values on marriage intention have weakened during the period. The endorsement on marriage lowers the mean ages of the expected first marriage. Comparing the effects of the family values during the period, this study find that normative aspects of the family values have lower effects, whereas individual aspects of the values have stronger effects over time. These findings suggest that the effects of family values vary across sex, time, and the aspect of the values.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.208-217
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• 2017

This study was conducted to identify the influence of awareness regarding marriage and childbirth on pre-parent's role of the nursing students. The subject were 202 nursing students in B city. Data were collected from May 11 to 15, 2015 and analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. Significant differences were found in pre-parent's role based on economic status, ideal number of children, and desired number of children. Pre-parent's role was negatively correlated with romantic views regarding marriage and passive views on marriage. In addition, there was a positive correlation between pre-parent's role and the attitudes towards childbirth support by the nation and corporations. Meaningful variables that influenced pre-parent's role were ideal number of children, economic status and passive views on marriage. Total explanation power was 26.9% and attitudes towards childbirth as well as toward support by the nation and corporations was the most influential factor. To enhance pre-parent's role of nursing students, it is necessary to provide childbirth support by the nation and corporations in the form of financial assistance and childcare facilities, as well as to develop educational programs describing the pre-parent's role.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 1976

This study was a part of large scale of a prospective study on attitudes of professional students in medicine, nursing and teaching toward population related issues in Korea. The study was first conducted in May 1974 and then in May 1975 for the 1974 class cohot using a questionaire consisted of attitude scales and other items developed by Lee. The purpose of stuay was twohold, namely, to determine the difference in students among specializations on one hand and between the first and second years in the 1974 class cohot regarding tile subject matter. A one-way analysis of variance was used for attitude scale, and absolute and relative frequency were computed for the analysis of non-attitude scale items by employing Fishers' Ratio and Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level and chi square test at 5% level as significance tests. The hypothesis 'students in health profession are more likely to have positive attitudes toward population related issues progressively as class year advances than students in teaching profession' was tested and the following results were obtained: 1) Nursing students were more likely to display favarable attitudes toward family planning than medical or teaching students although the class cohot showed slightly negative improvement in the second year. Medical and teaching students apperaed to have slightly improved attitudes in the second year. 2) Respondents in general perceived national family planning program as a means of population control and this tendency was more true among nursing students as the class year advances than two other professional groups of students. Students in teaching profession appeared to perceive it more as a means to improve individual family welfare while health students were likely to see as to improve maternal and child health. This tendency was progressively improved as the class year advanced. 3) The majority of students regardless of their respective specializations believed that family planning program should be directed toward the improvement of individual family welfare. No progressive changes in the class cohot were observed. 4) About the plan to use contraceptives in future, no singnificant differences were observes among different specializations nor in different class years. However, the majority was confirmed to have a plan to use contracepives in future. An increasing proportion of the undecided category was observed, as class year advanced among health students. 5) Students in health profession were found to be more favorable about 'more leisure opportunities' as motive for limiting number of children whereas education students indicated the reasons as 'facilitate ambitions' and 'economic base' The progressive changes toward positive direction in both groups were observed as the class years advanced. 6) Attitudes toward induced abortions of the health students were observed to be positively related to class years while an inverse relationship was found in teaching students who showed much less favor in the subject matter than health students. This phenomenon may be due to the different exposure to learning environments unique to respective specializations. 7) Health students were found to have more favorable attitudes toward population education in general than the teaching students. The teaching students appeared to have changed more to the negative direction when they became the second year while no such development was observed in health students. The teaching students seemed to hold a very conservative position with regard to sex education in schools. 8) About the equality of sexes, the nursing group was found to be most favorable while the reverse was true in the teaching group. A change in the negative direction as the class year advanced was found in the teaching group. 9) About questions related to fertility values-the 10 percent of respondents regardless of specialization indicated that they would maintain their single status in future, however no change was observed in the second year. The desired number of children was found to be two by the majority of students in nursing, medicine and teaching in order of high proportion. No changes in a different class year were observed. The childless marriage was seen by nursing students as a problem more than other students, but a slight change in positive direction was found when the nursing students became the second year. In summing, as data supported in the above, students in health profession demonstrated more favorable attitudes toward population related issues than the teaching students and this tendency became more apparent in the second year. It was noticed that health students were more conscious about the health aspect of population and family planning program while the teaching students gave more attention to the socioeconomic aspect. The sex variable seemed to have operated in the item related to the equality of sexes. In conclusion, as data presented in the above, the hypothesis of this study was accepted except in the few items. It should be noted that the limitation of this study is the short duration of the observation in measuring the possible attitude changes. It should include curriculum analysis for the respective specializations in order to indentify the area of curriculum impact on students in future study.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.103-117
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• 1986

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic information for the improvement of housewives consciousness and satisfaction of household work by analyzing the data regarding the housewives consciousness and satisfaction toward household work. The research problems was described as follows; 1) How independent variables influence the housewives consciousness of household work. 2) How independent variables influence the satisfaction of household work. 3) How relate the housewives consciousness and the satisfaction of household work. The research was conducted on 354 housewives in Seoul during the end of January and the beginning of March, 1986. As for the measurement of the instrument, questionnaire with 46 items was made by investigator. The data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean and t-test, F-test, Scheffe-test, Pearson-r. The results were summarized as follows; 1) Among the independent variables, the ages of housewives, durations of marriage, psychologica satisfaction were variables to have influence on the housewives consciousness towark household work. 2) Among the independent variable,s the socio-economic status, durations of marriage, psychological satisfaction were variables to have influence on the satisfaction of household work. 3) There were strong positive correlationship between the housewives consciousness and the satisfaction of household work. As a result, it is necessary to minimize the repetition and the overload of house-hold chores through the rationalization of household work and also to divide householdwork properly to family members. We let the housewives feel that her ability can be obtained from the household work. Especially the housewives must have a clear and a high level of consciousness of the household work an expect to receive high value of her household work from the family members. In order to do so, it seems to be important that housewives makes on great effort to have a positive value system and attitudes toward the consciousness and satisfaction of household work. We also must develop those factors through school and home education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 1990

Sex does not mean simply the physical behaviors related to man and woman, rather the sexuality needed socializing process toward total personality. It is believed that religion or social norms on sex, limit talking about sex openly. But children have, their own sexual thinking and want to know why and how. This survey was conducted to find out the need in sex education of primary school students and their parents in Seoul area, comparing students'sexual knowledge, attitude, and behavior to their parents', in October 1989. Total 400 students and their parents who are attending two primary school in Seoul, were given the questionnaires, and 395 students' and 310 parents', respectively, were finally analyzed. The following results were obtained. 1. The mean of 11 questions In asking sexual knowledge of students was 6.18, and showed no difference between boys and girls. But the higher grade, the higher score. 2. The positive attitudes on marriage and sex roles were showed, but negative on physical changes with puberty, which was same to the parents' reaction. 3. Moro than three-forths of students wanted to take sex education class, and one-third of them believed that it should be conducted by school nurses. This was accorded with their parents. 4. The sexual knowledge degree and attitudes of parents went proportionately to their higher educational background. Protestants reacted more negatively to the given sexual terms. No significant difference was made among the age groups of them. As stated above. the degree of sexual knowledge and attitudes are movable accordingly to their children's sexual thinking and need. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that sex education In the primary schools should be conducted systematically involving parents, especially mothers. And it is suggested that school nurses undertake their responsibilities as the sex educators.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.309-322
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was carried out to show the parental child-rearing attitudes perceived by daughters(woman college students), who were in the process of pursuit of resonable values, ethics and preparing for marriage and settling down, and another purposes were to help them to have positive attitudes toward their child-rearing in the future and set up preliminary parenting education program. Method: The subjects were 120 woman college students who were freshmen to junior in one university in Seoul. Using the self-report questionnaire, data were collected from December in 1999 to March in 2000. The contents which subjects wrote down were categorized by content analysis method. Result: 1) The age range of subjects were 19-25 years old and main rearer was mother(85.84％). 2) The perception of parent's child-rearing by subjects were revealed 555 statements and then tied together 50 themes: 'emphasizing on studying hard'(8.3％), 'doing by oneself'(5.6％), 'sternness'(5.2％), 'respect of personality'(4.5％), 'eagerness'(4.0％), 'humanity education'(4.0％), 'moderating in daily living'(4.0％), 'propriety education'(3.8％), 'sacrificing for children'(3.6％), 'expectation'(3.2％), 'concerning'(3.1％), 'parent-centered'(3.1％), 'giving a free hand'(2.9％), 'sharing with'(2.9％), 'consideration'(2.7％), 'over-protectiveness'(2.3％), 'hostile attitude' (2.2％), 'corporal punishment'(2.2％), 'expression of parental love'(2.0％), 'encouragement'(1.8％), 'family-centered' (1.8％), 'treating fairly'(1.6％), 'offering live experiences'(1.6％), 'exacting obedience'(1.62％), 'exemplary parental role' (1.6％), 'sexual discrimination'(1.6％), 'cooperation'(1.4％), 'giving favors'(1.4％), 'indifference'(1.4％), 'understanding' (1.3％), 'confidence'(1.3％), 'intimacy'(1.3％), 'pursuit of health'(1.3％), 'warm-hearted'(1.1％), 'stinginess'(1.1％),'broad-mindedness'(0.7％), 'granting'(0.7％), 'interfering'(0.7％), 'reproach'(0.7％), 'distinction of sex in household affairs'(0.7％), 'help'(0.5％), 'preparing for the future'(0.5％), 'disregarding'(0.5％), 'making environment'(0.4％), 'bringing up a child personally' (0.4％), 'comparing'(0.4％), 'religious life'(0.4％), 'good deed'(0.4％), invasion of privacy' (0.2％), 'controlling desire'(0.2％). 3) 50 themes were categorized by 18 categories once more: 'control' (13.2％), 'crazy for education'(12.3％), 'endeavoring'(8.6％), 'autonomy'(8.5％), 'home education'(7.7％), 'esteem' (6.67％), 'support'(6.67％), 'pursuit of healthy daily life'(5.6％), 'earnestness'(5.4％), 'disregarding personality'(5.4％), 'emotional bonding'(3.2％), 'imposing a burden'(3.2％). 'inhospitality'(3.1％), 'acceptance'(5％), 'discrimination'(2.3％), 'mature parenthood'(1.8％), 'strengthening family tie'(1.8％), 'psychological intimacy'(1.1％). 4) On the basis of this study, 3/5 of subjects(61.2％) perceived their parents had mature and autonomous child-rearing attitudes, and on the other hand 2/5(39.5％) of them perceived controlling, just forcing to work harder and personally disregarding attitudes. Conclusion: So we need to offer them nursing implementation such as preliminary parenting education program and parenting consulting like to strengthen positive perception and help improving in realistic, developmental child-rearing attitudes.