• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2015

Interaction of the the rust fungus Puccinia miscanthi with the biofuel plant Miscanthus sinensis during the teliospore phase was investigated by light and electron microscopy. P. miscanthi telia were oval-shaped and present on both the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. Teliospores were brown, one-septate (two-celled), and had pedicels attached to one end. Transmission electron microscopy revealed numerous electron-translucent lipid globules in the cytoplasm of teliospores. Extensive cell wall dissolution around hyphae was not observed in the host tissues beneath the telia. Hyphae were found between mesophyll cells in the leaf tissues as well as in host cells. Intracellular hyphae, possibly haustoria, possessed electron-dense fungal cell walls encased by an electron-transparent fibrillar extrahaustorial sheath that had an electron-dense extrahaustorial membrane. The infected host cells appeared to maintain their membrane-bound structures such as nuclei and chloroplasts. These results suggest that the rust fungus maintains its biotrophic phase with most mesophyll cells of M. sinensis. Such a nutritional mode would permit the rust fungus to obtain food reserves for transient growth in the course of host alteration.

• 소음진동
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.461-465
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• 1999

This paper presents theoretical analyses for unstable vibrations caused by the couple of bending and torsion in a rotating shaft driven through a universal joint. A driving shaft is assumed to be rigid and to rotate with a constant angular velocity. The driven shaft system consists of a flexible shaft with a circular section and a symmetrical rotor attached at a point between the shaft ends. Equations of motion derived hold with an accuracy of the second order of shaft deformations, and are analyzed by the asymptotic method. The vibrations become unstable when the driving shaft rotates with the angular velocity to be approximately equal to half of the sum of the natural frequencies for whirling and torsional vibrations.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.95-102
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• 1997

The process which can stabilize water quality of treatment and improve nitrogen removal rate under the condition of high organic loading was developed by charging fibrous HBC media to single sludge nitrification-denitrification process. This process was operated easier, minimized the treatment cost, and shortened the retention time. To improve T-N removal rate, a part of nitrifing liquid at aerobic zone was recycled to anoxic zone by approximate internal recycle ratio. The experimental results are as follows ; T-N removal efficiency in the organic volumetric loading 0.14-0.19 kg/COD/m$^{3}$·d was obtained asmaxium of 85% at internal recycle ratio 2.5 and in more ratio than this it was decreased. Organic removal efficiency was about 91% under the overall experimental conditions and not influenced by recycle ratio.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.335-343
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• 2017

The Newman-Raju formula and contour integral-based finite element analyses(FEAs) have been widely used to assess crack growth rates and residual lives at crack locations in ships or offshore structures, but the Newman-Raju formula is known to be less accurate for the complicated weld details and the conventional FEA-based contour integral approach needs concentrated efforts to construct FEA models. Recently, an extended finite element method(XFEM) has been proposed to reduce those modeling efforts with reliable accuracy. Stress intensity factors(SIFs) from the approaches such as the Newman-Raju formula, conventional FEA-based J-integral, and XFEM-based J-integral were compared for an infinitely long plate with a propagating elliptic crack. It was concluded that the XFEM approach was far reliable in terms of prediction ability of SIFs. Assuming a 25 year-aged coast guard patrol ship had the prescribed cracks at the bracket toes attached to longitudinal stiffeners in way of deck and bottom, SIFs were derived based on the three approaches. To obtain axial tension loads acting on the longitudinal stiffeners, long term hull girder bending moments were assumed to obey Weibull distribution of which two parameters were decided from a reference (DNV, 2014). For the complicated weld details, it was concluded that the XFEM approach could cost-effectively and accurately estimate the crack growth rates and residual lives of ship structures.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to exam early stages of plant growth of Euonymus fortunei 'Emerald and Gold' and Hedera japonica grown in fabric felt bag attached on vertical greenery system with the ratio of hydrophilic polymer to substrate, 0(referred as Control), 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4% (v/v), in order to effectively utilize rainfall for low maintenance. After rainfall, the increase in volumetric water content of substrate amended with the hydrophilic polymer was between 13% and 87%, compared to that in Control. During drought period, higher ratio of hydrophilic polymer to substrate slowly decreased the volumetric water content, and increased plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, branch number, and stem diameter of both Euonymus fortunei 'Emerald and Gold' and Hedera japonica with the highest fresh and dry weights of shoots or roots under the 0.1% ratio of hydrophilic polymer.

• 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2002년도 춘계 기술심포지움 논문집
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• pp.85-91
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• 2002

Even though electroless Hi and Sn-Ag-Cu solder are widely used materials in electronic packaging applications, interfacial reactions of the ternary Ni-Cu~Sn system have not been known well because of their complexity. Because the growth of intermetallics at the interface affects reliability of solder joint, the intermetallics in Ni-Cu-Sn system should be identified, and their growth should be investigated. Therefore, in present study, interfacial reactions between electroless Ni UB7f and 95.5Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu alloy were investigated focusing on morphology of the IMCs, thermodynamics, and growth kinetics. The IMCs that appear during a reflow and an aging are different each other. In early stage of a reflow, ternary IMC whose composition is Ni$_{22}$Cu$_{29}$Sn$_{49}$ forms firstly. Due to the lack of Cu diffusion, Ni$_{34}$Cu$_{6}$Sn$_{60}$ phase begins growing in a further reflow. Finally, the Ni$_{22}$Cu$_{29}$Sn$_{49}$ IMC grows abnormally and spalls into the molten solder. The transition of the IMCs from Ni$_{22}$Cu$_{29}$Sn$_{49}$ to Ni$_{34}$Cu$_{6}$Sn$_{60}$ was observed at a specific temperature. From the measurement of activation energy of each IMC, growth kinetics was discussed. In contrast to the reflow, three kinds of IMCs (Ni$_{22}$Cu$_{29}$Sn$_{49}$, Ni$_{20}$Cu$_{28}$Au$_{5}$, and Ni$_{34}$Cu$_{6}$Sn$_{60}$) were observed in order during an aging. All of the IMCs were well attached on UBM. Au in the quaternary IMC, which originates from immersion Au plating, prevents abnormal growth and separation of the IMC. Growth of each IMC is very dependent to the aging temperature because of its high activation energy. Besides the IMCs at the interface, plate-like Ag3Sn IMC grows as solder bump size inside solder bump. The abnormally grown Ni$_{22}$Cu$_{29}$Sn$_{49}$ and Ag$_3$Sn IMCs can be origins of brittle failure.failure.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 1971

관비농법(灌肥農法)에 의한 사질계농지(砂質系農地)자원 개발을 목표로 동 농법에 의한 모래재배를 실시하고 본 농법의 생산성(生産性)을 높이기 위한 기초적 문제로써 칼슘 기타 양(陽)"이온"이 이십일(二十日)무의 생육(生育)과 근권환경(根圈環境)에 관련하여 하나의 생산성요인(生産性要因)을 이루고 있는 것으로 보이는 근계(根系)와 매지(媒地)의 상호작용(相互作用)(응립성(凝粒性))에 어떠한 영향(影響)을 미치는가를 실험하였다. 1. 고수준의 칼슘 및 고수준의 양이온(가리, 칼슘, 마그네슘)을 가진 관비(灌肥)는 모래에서 재배한 그 이일(二日)무우의 생육(生育) 특히 지하부(地下部) 생육(生育)을 촉진하고 수량(收量)을 증대하였다. 2. 고수준 칼슘 공급 및 고수준양이온 공급은 근계(根系)에 모래알을 응립(凝粒)케 하는 응립성을 현저히 증대시키고 있다. 3. 고수준칼슘 및 고수준양이온구에서 응립된모래와 세근(細根)의 Ca함량이 타(他)기관 및 재배상(栽培床)에 비하여 증대되고 있어 응립성에 Ca의 관여를 시사한다. 4. 일반적으로 지상부(地上部)의 Ca, Mg, Mn 함량은 지하부(地下部)보다 높으나 N.P.K는 양기관 사이 큰 차이가 없다. 5. 관비농법하 모래재배가 고도의 생산성을 나타내고 특히 고수준 칼슘 및 양이온공급이 생체중(生體重)과 수량(收量)을 증대하고 있는 것은 칼슘이 관여하는 근계(根系)와 매지(媒地)와의 상호작용 즉 응립성에 의하여 조성된 근권환경(根圈環境)에 연유하는 것으로 보았다.

• 한국정보기술응용학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보기술응용학회 2002년도 추계공동학술대회 정보환경 변화에 따른 신정보기술 패러다임
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• pp.350-362
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• 2002

높은 가용성 확장성, 시스템 성능의 요구를 만족시키기 위해 SAN(Storage Area Network)이 등장했다. SAN을 보다 효과적으로 활용할 수 있도록, 대부분의 SAN 운영체제들은 SAN에 부착된 물리적 저장장치들을 가상적으로 하나의 커다란 볼륨으로 보이게 하는 저장장치 가상화 개념을 지원한다. 저장장치 가상화의 핵심적인 역할을 하는 것이 바로 논리볼륨 관리자이다. 논리볼륨 관리자는 논리 주소를 물리 주소로 매핑시킴으로서 저장장치 가상화를 실현한다. 이 논문에서는 논리볼륨 관리자를 위한 효율적이고 유연한 매핑 기법을 설계하고 구현한다. 이 논문의 매핑 기법은 특정 시점의 볼륨이미지를 유지할 수 있는 스냅샷과 시스템을 정지시키지 않고 SAN에 디스크를 추가 또는 삭제할 수 있는 온라인 재구성 기능을 지원한다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.356-363
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• 2014

This paper covers improvement of the humanoid robot platform HUBO2, known as the HUBO2+. As a necessity of the growth of the humanoid platform, a robust, reliable and user friendly platform is needed. From this standpoint, HUBO2+ is the most improved humanoid robot platform in the HUBO series. The mechanical design has been changed to increase the movable range and to stop joint compulsion. Additionally, all of the electrical parts are re-designed to be un-breakable in an unexpected situation. A smart power controller with robot status check panel is attached on the back. Additionally, a diagnosis tool, the HUBO-i, has been developed. Moreover, each joint motor controller of HUBO2+ has a Protection Function and a PODO system is provided for handling the robot easily.

• 정보처리학회논문지D
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• 제10D권7호
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• pp.1085-1092
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• 2003

대용량, 고속의 멀티미디어 서비스가 일반화됨에 따라 컨텐츠를 저장하는 서버의 저장 장치 또한 대용량화되고 있다. 그러나 서버를 구성하는 다른 하드웨어 구성 요소에 비해 상대적으로 느린 저장 장치의 입출력 속도와 물리적 또는 논리적인 오류는 시스템 전반의 성능을 저하시키는 원인이 되고 있다. 또한 컨텐츠의 지속적인 증가로 인한 유연한 확장성이 필요하게 되었다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 소프트웨어 RAID 사용하여 저장 장치의 성능을 향상시키고 신뢰성을 높였으며, LVM을 사용하여 저장 장치에 확장성을 부여하였다. 리눅스 커널 2.4.x에서 제공하는 이러한 기능들을 사용하여 신뢰성과 확장성이 있는 저장 장치를 구현하고 성능을 평가하였다.