• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.171-179
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• 1981

The membrane-bound ATPases were separated on sucrose gradient from corn roots and characterized by pH optima, sensitivity to monovalent salt, Km and Vmax. The pH optima for the activity of all the ATPases associated with 13, 000g pellet and 13, 000~80, 000g pellet were 5 and 9, respectively. The ATPases in Fractions B and C of the 13, 000 g pellet were more active at pH 5 than pH 9. While, in the case of Fractions D, E and F, they were reverse. The activities of the ATPase in Fractions A and C of the 13, 000~80, 000 g pellet were greater at pH 5 than pH 9. On the other hand, the ATPases in Fractions B, D, E, and F were more active at pH 9 than pH 5. The optimum concentraction of ATP for the assay was about 3 to 5 mM. The Km's for the membrane-bound ATPases in 13, 000g pellet and in 13, 000~80, 000 g pellet were 0.25 mM. While Vmax values for 13, 000g pellet were from 8.0 to 12.5 $\mu$M Pi/mg protein/hr. according to pH values, those for 13, 000~80, 000 g pellet were from 35.7 to 55.6 $\mu$M Pi/mg protein/hr. Activities of the membrane-bound ATPases in both 13, 000 g pellet and 13, 000~80, 000 g pellet were stimulated with increasing the concentration of $K^+$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.379-384
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• 2004

Changes in nucleotide concentrations of aquarium-stored flounder, sea bass, and sea bream were studied. ATP, ADP, and AMP slowly decreased, whereas IMP, HxR and Hx slightly increased with increasing storage ported. ATP was converted into IMP at initial storage stage. Changes in concentrations of nucleotides differed depending on fish type and season. Freshness indicators, $K,\;K_{p}\;G,\;P,\;H,\;and\;F_{r}$ values during 14 days storage showed no significant differences. Changes in nucleotide concentrations during 14 days storage had no significant effect on taste of raw fishes.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2004

Purpose : To investigate the signal enhancement ratio by NOE effect on in vivo $^{31}P$ MRS in human heart muscle and liver. we also evaluated the enhancement ratios of different phosphorus metabolites, which are important in 31P MRS for each organ. Materials and Methods : Ten normal subjects (M:F = 8:2, age range = 24-32 yrs) were included for in vivo $^{31}P$ MRS measurements on a 1.5 T whole-body MRI/MRS system using $^1H-^{31}P$ dual tuned surface coil. Two-dimensional Chemical Shift Imaging (2D CSI) pulse sequence for $^{31}P$ MRS was employed in all $^{31}P$ MRS measurements. First, $^{31}P$ MRS performed without NOE effect and then the same 2D CSI data acquisitions were repeated with NOE effect. After postprocessing the MRS raw data in the time domain, the signal enhancements in percent were estimated from the major metabolites. Results : The calculated NOE enhancement for liver $^{31}P$ MRS were $\alpha-ATP\;(7\%),\;\beta-ATP\;(9\%),\;\gamma-ATP\;(17\%),\;Pi\;(1\%),\;PDE\;(19\%)$ and $PME\;(31\%)$. Because there is no creatine kinase activity in liver, PCr signal is absent. For cardiac $^{31}P$ MRS, whole body coil gave better scout images and thus better localization than surface coil. In $^{31}P$cardiac multi-voxel spectra, DPG signal increased from left to right according to the amount of blood included. The calculated enhancement for cardiac $^{31}P$ MRS were : $\alpha-ATP\;(12\%),\;\beta-ATP\;(19\%),\;\gamma-ATP\;(30\%),\;PCr\;(34\%),\;Pi\;(20\%),\;(PDE)\;(51\%),\;and\;DPG\;(72\%)$. Conclusion : Our results revealed that the NOE effect was more pronounced in heart muscle than in liver with different coupling to 1H spin system and thus different heteronuclear cross-relaxation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.463-470
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• 2018

Restoration ecology is the practical study of renewing and restoring a spoilt, degraded, or devastated ecosystems in the environment. Because the Korean industry has been drastically developed for the past few decades, the Korean ecosystem requires restoration using regional seed. In this study, we identified the variation of phylogenic relationship of Miscanthus sinensis or Phragmites australis by locations in Korea. Chloroplast DNA atpF-H and psbA-trnH interspace region were used as a molecular marker to resolve the phylogenic relationship in 10 different locations. We performed the molecular phylogenetic analysis with 10 chloroplast DNAs from each location using Kimura 2-parameter. The analysis of Miscanthus showed that all atpF-H genes were exact matches except for Ose san. In contrast to Mischanthus, the atpF-H genes from Phragmites were observed to have more variation. A total of 7 locations revealed the variation in chloroplast gene. According to the phylogenic tree in Phragmites, 2 of 10 samples in 6 locations and 3 of 10 in 1 location showed variation with 0.160-0.181 genetic distance. According to the genetic distance of the Miscanthus sinensis, there were no mutations in all regions except the Hongsung. These results support regional differences and show the necessity for seed collection by region. In the case of Phragmites australis, genetic variation occurred in all regions.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2015

The nucleotide sequences of six markers, including nuclear ITS, chloroplast matK, rbcL, atpF-H, psbK-I and psbA-trnH, were analyzed for the plants known as Melia toosendan collected in Southwest China; M. azadarach planted in Southeast China, Korea and India; and species related to Sapindaceae in order to clarify the species boundary between M. toosendan and M. azadarach. The result of a phylogenetic analysis using the nuclear ITS and five chloroplast marker sequences determined that the plants known as M. toosendan and M. azadarach are the same species. These two species have been treated as a single species or as two different species depending on the researcher. The result of the present study supports the contention that the two species are the same. In addition, a sister species to M. azadarach registered in various countries with various basionyms is Azadirachta indica, a well-known medicinal plant. It has previously been classified as a member of the genus Melia.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2007

Objective: Pathogenesis of the endometriosis is very complex and the etiology is still unclear. Our hypothesis is that there may be some difference in gene expression patterns between eutopic endometriums with or without endometriosis. In this study, we analyzed the difference of gene expression profile with cDNA microarray. Methods: Endometrial tissues were gathered from patients with endometriosis or other benign gynecologic diseases. cDNA microarray technique was applied to screen the different gene expression profiles from early and late secretory phase endometria of those two groups. Each three mRNA samples isolated from early and late secretory phase of endometrial tissues of control were pooled and used as master controls and labeled with Cy3-dUTP. Then the differences of gene expression pattern were screened by comparing eutopic endometria with endometriosis, which were labeled with Cy5-dUTP. Fluorescent labeled probes were hybridized on a microarray of 4,800 human genes. Results: Twelve genes were consistently over-expressed in the endometrium of endometriosis such as ATP synthase H transporting F1 (ATP5B), eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), mitochondrial ribosomal protein L3, ATP synthase H+ transporting (ATP5C1) and TNF alpha factor. Eleven genes were consistently down-regulated in the endometriosis samples. Many extracellular matrix protein genes (decorin, lumican, EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1, fibulin 5, and matrix Gla protein) and protease/protease inhibitors (serine proteinase inhibitor, matrix metalloproteinase 2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1), and insulin like growth factor II associated protein were included. Expression patterns of selected eight genes from the cDNA microarray were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR or real time RT-PCR. Conclusion: The result of this analysis supports the hypothesis that the endometrium from patients with endometriosis has distinct gene expression profile from control endometrium without endometriosis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1980

Changes of nucleic acid related substances and their enzymes during rice makkulli koji making were observed and enzymological properties of crude enzymes were examined. The results obtained were as follows : (1) The amounst of acid soluble phosphorus were increased, while no remarkable changes were observed in the component of total phosphorus during koji making. (2) AMP and IMP were increased, while ADP and ATP were decreased gradually in the course of process. (3) Activities of nucleic acid degrading enzymes were increased with the lapse of time. (4) In the crude enzyme solution extracted from rice makkulli koji, the optimal pH of RNase was 4.0~5.0 and those of PDase PNase were 5.0. (5) RNase and PMase were stable at the range of pH 4.0~5.0 and PDase was stable at the pH 4.0. (6) The optimal temperature of RNase was 55$^{\circ}C$, and that of PDase was at the range of 50~55$^{\circ}C$, and 5$0^{\circ}C$ for PMase. (7) Among the three enzymes, the heat stability was in order RNase, PDase and PMase, and especially PMase was so heat labile that it was almost inactivated at 7$0^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. (8) Inhibition by metal ions and other inhibitors was disclosed : C $u^{++}$ and Z $n^{++}$ inhibited the activity of RNase, and C $u^{++}$, NaF and N $a_2$HP $O_4$ inhibited that of PDase, while C $u^{++}$ and NaF inhibited the PMase activity.ctivity.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.31-36
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• 2019

Streptococcus mutans is one of the important bacteria that forms dental biofilm and cause dental caries. Virulence genes in S. mutans can be classified into the genes involved in bacterial adhesion, extracellular polysaccharide formation, biofilm formation, sugar uptake and metabolism, acid tolerance, and regulation. The genes involved in bacterial adhesion are gbps (gbpA, gbpB, and gbpC) and spaP. The gbp genes encode glucan-binding protein (GBP) A, GBP B, and GBP C. The spaP gene encodes cell surface antigen, SpaP. The genes involved in extracellular polysaccharide formation are gtfs (gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD) and ftf, which encode glycosyltransferase (GTF) B, GTF C, and GTF D and fructosyltransferase, respectively. The genes involved in biofilm formation are smu630, relA, and comDE. The smu630 gene is important for biofilm formation. The relA and comDE genes contribute to quorumsensing and biofilm formation. The genes involved in sugar uptake and metabolism are eno, ldh, and relA. The eno gene encodes bacterial enolase, which catalyzes the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate. The ldh gene encodes lactic acid dehydrogenase. The relA gene contributes to the regulation of the glucose phosphotransferase system. The genes related to acid tolerance are atpD, aguD, brpA, and relA. The atpD gene encodes $F_1F_0$-ATPase, a proton pump that discharges $H^+$ from within the bacterium to the outside. The aguD gene encodes agmatine deiminase system and produces alkali to overcome acid stress. The genes involved in regulation are vicR, brpA, and relA.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 2020

PURPOSE. This study aims to compare the marginal fitness of two types of implant-supported fixed dental prosthesis, i.e., cementless fixation (CL.F) system and cement-retained type. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In each group, ten specimens were assessed. Each specimen comprised implant lab analog, titanium abutment fabricated with a 2-degree tapered axial wall, and zirconia crown. The crown of the CL.F system was retained by frictional force between abutment and relined composite resin. In the cement-retained type, zinc oxide eugenol cement was used to set crown and abutment. All specimens were sterilized with ethylene oxide, immersed in Prevotella intermedia culture in a 50 mL tube, and incubated with rotation. After 48 h, the specimens were washed thoroughly before separating the crown and abutment. The bacteria that penetrated into the crown-abutment interface were collected by washing with 500 µL of sterile saline. The bacterial cell number was quantified using the agar plate count technique. The BacTiter-Glo Microbial Cell Viability Assay Kit was used to measure bacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-bioluminescence, which reflects the bacterial viability. The t-test was performed, and the significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS. The number of penetrating bacterial cells assessed by colony-forming units was approximately 33% lower in the CL.F system than in the cement-retained type (P<.05). ATP-bioluminescence was approximately 41% lower in the CL.F system than in the cement-retained type (P<.05). CONCLUSION. The CL.F system is more resistant to bacterial penetration into the abutment-crown interface than the cement-retained type, thereby indicating a precise marginal fit.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_3
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• pp.695-702
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate to determine seasonal variation of dehydrogenase activity, phosphatase activity, adenosine tri-phosphate content and some physicochemical properties, such as soil pH, moisture content, organic matter and several heavy metal concentrations from Apr. 1997 to jan. 1998 in Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica forest in Mt. Nam, to explain a relationship between enzyme activity and the soil factors. There were ranges of 4.03-4.65 in soil pH, 18.65-51.09% in moisture content and 6.69-95.95% in orgainc matter. The organic matter content decreased with soil horizon, showing the higher values in Q. mongolica forest. In comparison to the results of Kawngneung site as control area, there were slightly differences due to a development level of forest ecosystem and microbial degradation of organic matter. The heavy metal concentrations showed 32.50-75.55 ${\mu}g/g$ in Cu, 69.33-134.84 ${\mu}g/g$ in Zn, 57.02-150.32 ${\mu}g/g$ in Pb, and 0.36-1.00 ${\mu}g/g$ in Mt. Nam. These values are higher than in Kwangneung site because of long-term exposure to air pollutants from central city. On the other hand, ATP contents in Mt. Nam were lower than in Kawngneung site in relation to soil organic matter, moisture content and relatively high heavy metal concentrations. ATP contents per soil weight was largest in F+H layer and in spring time of other seasons. Dehydrogenase activity as an index of soil microbial activity had a ranges of 170.67-1,221.66 ${\mu}g$ TPF/g that showed lower values than in Kawngneung site. However, phophatase activity had a contray tendency due to P fertilization for a continuous management. Those values increased through spring to a maximum in the summer and fall in autumn. This is basically caused by metabolic state of soil on the biological activity and several and several factors, such as aeration, soil temperature, vegetation and microflora.