• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.584-593
• /
• 2008

The surface $O_3,\;CO,\;NO_x,\;and\;SO_2$ were measured at Gosan in Jeju Island from May 2004 to April 2005. Over this period, the mean concentrations $({\pm}s.d.)$ of each gas was 40.06 $({\pm}16.01)$ ppbv for $O_3,\;264.92({\pm}115.73)ppbv\;for\;CO,\;1.98({\pm}2.73)ppbv\;for\;SO)_2,\;and\;4.64 ({\pm}3.24) ppbv\;for\;NO_x$. The monthly variations and the diurnal variations of these gases show that the Gosan site is situated in a relatively clean region. However, there were episodic simultaneous peaks in CO and $SO_2$, especially in winter and early spring. Using cluster analysis with air mass back- ward trajectory analysis, we suggest that these episodes are due to the influence of transportation of polluted air mass from polluted regions. In the cluster, which was under the dominant influence of clean maritime air mass, low levels of $O_3,\;CO,\;and\;SO_2$ were observed. The levels of these species were elevated in the other two clusters which had the air mass influenced by polluted continental regions. In addition, ratios of the chemical species such as $CO/NO_x,\;SO_2/NO_x,\;and\;CO/SO_2$ revealed the somewhat different characteristics of emission sources influencing each cluster. The differences in concentration of trace gases among clusters with different origin and transport pathways imply that Gosan is under the effect of pollution transported from other regions.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.31-37
• /
• 1983

The consumption of atmospheric carbon monoxide by soil was measured under laboratory conditions in different types of soils. Laboratory experiments were performed with humus containing high proportion of organic matter, roadside soils, and humus and roadside soils previously exposed to high concentration of CO by reusing in the experiment. CO concentrations in the 18.2 l-reaction vessel were varied from 2,000 ppm to 24,000ppm to estimate the effectiveness of CO consumption at high level of CO. The uptake of CO by soil was measured by gas chromatography using a TCD detector. The control experiments conducted along with the soil experiments evidently indicated that the potting soil is responsible for CO consumption. Humus showed much higher CO uptake rates compared with the soil taken from roadside. The humus reused in the experiment showed somewhat higher rates(15%) of uptake than the fresh one. The soil's ability to remove CO from the test atmosphere reached a maximum near the CO concentration of 13,000 ppm in the range of $9,000~24,000ppm$. The addition of streptomycin did not influence the removal capacity of soil significantly, whereas 10% saline solution remarkably prevented CO uptake of the humus sample.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.466-477
• /
• 2007

To understand particle pollution phenomena caused by vehicles, black carbon (BC) concentrations were continuously monitored using an aethalometer at a roadside in Seoul during the period of May 79 to 25, 2005. The BC concentration was highly fluctuated for a short duration, responding to the traffic situation on the road. The lowest BC concentration was observed between 2 and 5 a.m. The local highest BC concentrations were observed during the periods of both morning and evening rush hours. Change in traffic volume accounts for the trend of hourly averaged BC concentrations from the late evening to the morning. Particularly, the slower increase of BC concentration on Sunday seems to respond directly the lower traffic volume in the morning rush hours. From the comparison with a previous work, it is concluded that the BC concentration around midday hours might be dependent on the distance from a road.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.27-38
• /
• 2005

An experimental investigation of the gas-phase photooxidation of toluene-NO$_{x}$-air mixtures at sub-ppm concentrations has been carried out in a 6.9 ㎥, indoor smog chamber irradiated by blacklights. Measured parameters in the toluene-NO$_{x}$ experiments included aerosol, $O_3$, NO, NO$_2$, NO$_{x}$ CO, SO$_2$ toluene, and air temperature. The initial toluene concentration ranged from 225 ppb to 991 ppb and the initial concentration ratio of toluene/NO$_{x}$ in ppbC/ppb was in the range of 5～20. It was found that the variation of aerosol number concentration with irradiation time caused by the photooxidation of toluene-NO$_{x}$-air mixtures depended on the initial toluene concentration for similar concentration ratio of toluene/NO$_{x}$. The dependency of initial toluene concentration on the photooxidation of toluene-NO$_{x}$-air mixtures for toluene/NO$_{x}$= 5～6 seemed to be opposite to that for toluene/NO$_{x}$=10～11. The maximum number concentration of aerosols formed by photooxidation and the aerosol yield depended on both initial toluene concentration and initial concentration ratio of toluene/NO$_{x}$. In this study, the aerosol yield, defined as aerosol formed per unit toluene consumed, was found to be 0.01～0.16.und to be 0.01～0.16.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.601-614
• /
• 2013

The commercial charcoal kiln was projected the largest source of biomass burning sector in Korea. Commercial charcoal kiln was operated to emit air pollutants into the air without any air pollution prevention equipment. The object of this field survey was to understand characteristics of air pollutants concentration and emission factors and to provide preliminary data for effective processor from oak charcoal manufacturing process. As result of field survey, TSP, $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration from charcoal kiln were 400~37,000 $mg/m^3$. These values were over the 100 $mg/m^3$ in TSP, this value was effluent quality standard of Clean Air Conservation Act. The average concentration of CO, $SO_2$ and TVOC were 2~5%. 0~110 ppm and 820~10,000 ppm respectively. The emission factors were 42.4 g-PM/kg-oak in TSP, 40.3 g-PM/kg-oak in $PM_{10}$, 38.2 g-PM/kg-oak in $PM_{2.5}$, 182.5 g-CO/kg-oak, 1.0 g-NO/kg-oak, $SO_2$ 0.2 g-$SO_2/kg$-oak and 104.4 g-TVOC/kg-oak. The part of commercial charcoal kiln had air pollution prevention equipment but it was difficult to work properly. Much wood tar excreted in exhaust emissions from oak charcoal manufacturing process. This wood tar was cause of many troubles sticking in the air pollutant prevention equipment. For handling particulate matters and gaseous air pollutants from oak charcoal manufacturing process in biomass burning, air pollutant prevention equipment design and management needs preprocessor for removal wood tar.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.522-527
• /
• 2017

We determined the effects of atmospheric temperature ($10-30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ in $5^{\circ}C$ increments) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) levels ($400{\pm}50ppm$, $540{\pm}50ppm$, and $940{\pm}50ppm$) on the infection of Solanum tuberosum cv. Chubaek by Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Below $CO_2$ levels of $400{\pm}50ppm$, the PLRV infection rate and RNA content in plant tissues increased as the temperature increased to $20{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, but declined at higher temperatures. At high $CO_2$ levels ($940{\pm}50ppm$), more plants were infected by PLRV at $30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ than at 20 or $25{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, whereas PLRV RNA content was unchanged in the $20-30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ temperature range. The effects of atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration on the acquisition of PLRV by Myzus persicae and accumulation of PLRV RNA in plant tissues were investigated using a growth chamber at $20{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. The M. persicae PLRV RNA content slightly increased at elevated $CO_2$ levels ($940{\pm}50ppm$), but this increase was not statistically significant. Transmission rates of PLRV by Physalis floridana increased as $CO_2$ concentration increased. More PLRV RNA accumulated in potato plants maintained at 540 or $940{\pm}50ppm$ $CO_2$, than in plants maintained at $400{\pm}50ppm$. This is the first evidence of greater PLRV RNA accumulation and larger numbers of S. tuberosum plants infected by PLRV under conditions of combined high $CO_2$ levels ($940{\pm}50ppm$) and high temperature ($30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$).

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.13-17
• /
• 1970

The changes in the red cell volume and the plasma chloride level were measured when the blood $CO_2$ content was altered by equilibration with the atmospheric air or pure $CO_2$ for 20 minutes. The red cell volume was expressed in terms of hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume (M.C.V.). The results obtained were as follows. 1) On equilibration with the atmospheric air, the MCV and the plasma chloride level were $91.6{\pm}1.26\;c.{\mu}$ and $110.7{\pm}6.28mEq/L.$ respectively. 2) On equilibration with pure $CO_{2}$, the MCV and the plasma chloride level were $109.6{\pm}2.0\;c.{\mu}$ and $90.7{\pm}5.17\;mEq/L.$ respectively. 3) When the blood was subjected to equilibration with the atmospheric for air 20 minutes after equilibration with pure $CO_{2}$ for the same period of time the MCV and the plasma chloride level were $89.9{\pm}6.34\;c.{\mu}$ and $100.3{\pm}5.50\;mEq/L.$ respectively. From the above results it can be concluded that an increase of the blood $CO_2$ content in the experimental condition causes definitely a decrease of the plasma chloride level and a concomitant increase of the red cell volume, and that a decrease of the blood content $CO_2$ in the experimental condition causes definitely an increase of the plasma chloride level and a concomitant decrease of the red cell volme. Apparantly there exists a parallel relationship between the extent of the decrease of the plasma chloride level and that of the increase of the red cell volume when the blood $CO_2$ content increased in the experimental condition. When the blood $CO_2$ content decreased, the extent of the decrease of the red cell volume exceeds that of the increase of the plasma chloride level.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.469-490
• /
• 2003

Atmospheric concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were measured at Gosan, Jeju in November 2001 and spring 2002, each time for two weeks. Primary target pollutants were organochlorine pesticides, coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co- PCBs), and dioxin/furans listed in the Stockholm Convention adopted in May 2001. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also measured in order to understand the overall characteristics of the POPs distribution as well as PM$_{2.5}$, a potent carrier of POPs. In the latter part of the measurement period of November 2001, almost every pollutant of combustion origin including dioxin/furans went high probably due to influence of emissions in the nearby area. The characteristics of atmospheric environment at Gosan in this period were rather close to urban areas far from those of a background area. A severe dust storm swept for three days at the end of the measurement period of spring 2002. However, changes in pollutant concentrations were relatively small except PM$_{10}$. Nevertheless, increases in particulate PAHs and OCDD (octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins), mostly present in fine particles, were observed. Trends in organochlorine pesticide variations were mixed although possible volatilization of DDT residues from soil was inferred from the measurements of spring 2002.2.2.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.487-501
• /
• 2002

The concentrations of gaseous (NO$_{x}$, SO$_2$, and $O_3$) and particulate (Elemental Carbon, EC and Organic Carbon, OC) pollutants were measured to evaluate the air quality of Kosan. Samples were taken at Kosan during ACE-Asia (Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment) IOP (Intensive Observation Period) (2001. 3. 21~2001. 5. 5). The mean concentrations of $O_3$(46.3$\pm$10.4 ppb) is higher than those at urban area such as Seoul and Busan in Korea. On the other hand, the mean concentrations of other gaseous species, NO$_{x}$(4.73$\pm$3.42 ppb) and SO$_2$(0.62$\pm$0.63 ppb) are lower than those at great cities. So we concluded that there are a few primary sources emitting atmospheric pollutants. The concentration of EC is higher and the concentration of OC is similar with or higher than those at other background sites. The recent EC concentration is higher than those measured before at Kosan. We concluded that there are more primary sources than other background sites and the amount of primary source have increased recently in Jeju. Backward trajectory and co..elation analysis were used to study where the air masses originated and distinguish the source of pollutants. While NO$_{x}$ and $O_3$ were mainly emitted and formed from Jeju inland area, concentrations of SO$_2$, OC and EC were affected by Asian Dust from China. Using the mean relative standard deviation of ozone, cleanness coefficient was obtained. The cleanness coefficient value, is 1.6 times larger than the value in 1992. Recently, the air quality of Kosan has been contaminated because of the Asian Dust events since spring and the rapid industrialization development.pment.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.11-21
• /
• 1989

Atmospheric gaseous mercury was automatically measured by a mercury air monitor (Mercury monitor AM-1). The sample air was led to a scrubber and washed with buffer solution, and mercury was trapped with gold coated chromosorb P(AW) was successively eluted by heating the chromosorb and then detected by the cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry. $SO_2, TSP, NO_x, CO, THC$. and some of meteorological factors were also measured simultaneously with mercury. A significant correlation between the concentration of mercury and those of 2,513 measurements, gaseous mercury concentration ranged from 4.73 to 112.8 $ng/m^3$ with an annual mean of 14.7$ng/m^3$ in urban area. At this place there was a clear seasonal variation with a maximuminDecember-January and aminimum in March-June. A secondary maximum existed in August to September. THe seasonal variation was found that the gaseous mercury in ambient air has a tendency to become low in spring and high in winter. Namely, the average of concentration in winter was about two times, 19.2 $ng/m^3$, higher than that in spring. In Seoul mercury levels on some months mainly Septermber-October increase with increasing relative humidity of the atmosphere. In Olympic park air levels were 8.2 (range 4.4-23.7)$ng/m^3$ with an coefficients of variation of 0.34 and in Seoul sports complex those were 7.7 (rnage 4.4-25.5) $ng/m^3$ with an coefficients of variation of 0.38 within the Seoul olympiad holding period of time. A significant diurnal mercury variation occurs both at the measuring sites and in the period of observation.