• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.85-91
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• 2017

The present study aimed to investigate the changes of acoustic parameters of the aspirated voice in stroke patients. The eighty-eight subjects diagnosed with cerebro-vascular accident were divided into 32 penetration/aspiration (P/A) and 56 Non-P/A groups according to the videofluroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) results, and 26 control subjects participated. All subjects preformed VFSS and vowel /a/ was recorded three times pre- and post VFSS. Since the variation in the acoustic parameters within a single phonation has been observed, we proposed a delta formula for the acoustic parameters which can reflect the temporal changes of the each parameter in an utterance. We measured from the voice data eight acoustic parameters: fundamental frequency (F0), standard deviation of F0 (F0_SD), Jitter, relative average perturbation (RAP), Shimmer, amplitude perturbation quotient (APQ), harmonic to noise ration (HNR), noise to harmonic ratio (NHR). Then we found parameters which show the meaningful biggest temporal change in an utterance using the suggested delta parameter. Among them, the deltas of shimmer and APQ were significantly different pre- and post VFSS. These deltas of the P/A and the control group were increased after VFSS, while those of the Non-P/A group was descended. The variation patterns of the P/A and the control group were similar but the change width of the P/A group was larger. The large variations in an aspirated phonation of the P/A group are thought to be caused by irregular changes in air resistance due to residual food on the vocal cords.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.126-131
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• 2017

Objective: Oocyte degeneration often occurs after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and the risk factor is low-quality oocytes. The follicular fluid (FF) provides a crucial microenvironment for oocyte development. We investigated the relationships between the FF volume aspirated from individual follicles and oocyte retrieval, oocyte maturity, oolemma stretchability, fertilization, and development. Methods: This retrospective study included data obtained from 229 ICSI cycles. Ovarian stimulation was performed according to a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol. Each follicle was individually aspirated and divided into six groups according to FF volume ( < 1.0, 1.0 to < 2.0, 2.0 to < 3.0, 3.0 to < 4.0, 4.0 to < 5.0, and ${\geq}5.0mL$). Oolemma stretchability during ICSI was evaluated using a mechanical stimulus for oolemma penetration, that is, the stretchability was assessed by oolemma penetration with aspiration (high stretchability) or without aspiration (low stretchability). Results: Oocyte retrieval rates were significantly lower in the < 1.0 mL group than in the ${\geq}1.0mL$ groups (46.0% [86/187] vs. 67.5%-74.3% [172/255 to 124/167], respectively; p< 0.01). Low oolemma stretchability was significantly more common in the < 1.0 mL group than in the ${\geq}1.0mL$ groups during ICSI (22.0% [13/59] vs. 5.8%-9.4% [6/104 to 13/139], respectively; p= 0.018). There was a relationship between FF volume and oolemma stretchability. However, there were no significant differences in the rates of fertilization, cleavage, ${\geq}7$ cells at day 3, and blastocyst development among all groups. Conclusion: FF volume is potentially associated with the stretchability of metaphase II oolemma during ICSI. Regarding oolemma stretchability, ensuring a uniform follicular size during ovarian stimulation is crucial to obtain good-quality oocytes.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.85-100
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• 2024

Objective : This case study aimed to explore dysphagia symptoms in post-cardiac transplantation patients and evaluate the effectiveness of dysphagia rehabilitation therapy in an occupational therapy clinic. Methods : A patient with post-cardiac transplant dysphagia underwent videofluoroscopic swallowing studies to assess the Functional Dysphagia Scale (FDS), Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS), and Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale (DOSS). Assessments were performed three times at two-week intervals. The treatment, administered from July 19 to August 21, 2023, included eight sessions of 30 minutes each. Treatments included corrective techniques (tongue-hold maneuver, chin tuck against resistance, mendelsohn maneuver, effortful swallowing, and respiratory muscle exercise) and compensatory strategies (chin-tuck position, multiple swallowing, modification of volume, and viscosity), alongside caregiver education. Results : The FDS scores decreased from 50 to 30, PAS scores improved from 5 to 3, and DOSS scores improved from Stage 2 to Stage 4. Conclusion : Dysphagia rehabilitation therapy improved swallowing function in a post-cardiac transplantation patient. However, further studies are required to confirm these findings.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2008

Plasminogen activators (PAs) are serine protease that cleave plasminogen to form the active protease plasmin. PA/plasmin system playa role in mammalian fertilization and motility and acrosome reaction of sperm. The present study was undertaken to identify PAs in porcine gametes and investigate a possible role of plasminogen in in vitro fertilization in the pig. When boar spermatozoa were preincubated in a fertilization medium (mTBM) for 0, 2, 4 or 6 h, the activity of tPA-PAI ($110{\sim}117\;kDa$), tPA ($62{\sim}70\;kDa$), and uPA ($34{\sim}38\;kDa$) was observed in the sperm incubation medium and sperm sample. PA activities in the sperm incubation medium significantly (p<0.05) increased according to increasing incubation times, while PA activities in sperm significantly (p<0.05) decreased at the same times. In addition, the rate of acrosome reaction in spermatozoa increased by increasing culture times. When oocytes were separated from porcine cumulus-oocytes complexes at 0, 22 or 44 h of maturation culture, no PA activities were observed in cumulus free-oocyte just after aspiration from follicles. However, the activity of tPA-PAI ($108{\sim}113\;kDa$) and tPA ($75{\sim}83\;kDa$) was observed at 22 h of in vitro culture and significantly (p<0.05) increased as the duration of the culture increased. On the other hand, when porcine oocytes were activated by sperm penetration or calcium ionophore, plasminogen significantly (p<0.05) increased ZP dissolution time (sec) in activated oocytes by sperm penetration. These results suggest that supplementation of plasminogen to fertilization medium may playa positive role in the improvement of in vitro fertilization ability in the pig.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.63-72
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) on the swallowing function of stroke patients. Twelve-week PNF (facial, tongue, and breathing exercise) was applied in the experimental group consisting of 12 subjects, and a general swallowing exercise program was applied to the control group consisting of 12 subjects. In addition, the signs of improvement in the stroke patients (N=24) swallowing function were examined by conducting a video fluoroscopic swallowing study. The data were analyzed using the SPSS ver. 21.0 program, which was also utilized to gain statistical information (percentage, mean, and standard deviation), and paired t-test was conducted. As a result of the analyses, the following conclusions were arrived at. The 12-week PNF significantly improved the functional dysphagia scale, penetration-aspiration scale, pharyngeal transit time, swallowing response time, residue in valleculae, and residue in pyriform sinuses enhanced swallowing functions of the stroke patients (p<.05). In conclusion, the PNF intervention in the swallowing function of the stroke patients was found to be an effective exercise program.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.111-136
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• 2002

The prodrug and antedrug concepts, which were developed to overcome the physical and pharmacological shortcomings of various therapeutic classes of agents, employ diametrically different metabolic transformations. The prodrug undergoes a predictable metabolic activation prior to exhibiting its pharmacological effects in a target tissue while the antedrug undergoes metabolic deactivation in the systemic circulation upon leaving a target tissue. An increased therapeutic index is the aspiration for both approaches in designing as well as evaluation criteria. The recent research endeavors of prodrugs include the gene-directed and antibody-directed enzymatic activation of a molecule in a targeted tissue, organ specific delivery, improved bioavailabilities and cellular penetration of nucleotides. As for antedrugs, emphasis in research has been based upon the design and synthesis of systemically inactive molecule by incorporating a metabolically labile functional group into an active molecule.

• Annual Conference of KIPS
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.8-10
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• 2023

삼킴장애는 음식물이 입에서 식도로 가지않고 걸리거나 기도(Trachea)로 흡입되는 문제를 갖는 상태이다. 특히 노인이나 신경계 질환을 앓는 환자의 경우 기도로 흡입된 음식덩이가 폐렴을 일으키고 결국에는 사망으로 이어지기에 적절한 치료와 관리가 요구된다. 보통 영상으로 판단할 수 있는 삼킴단계는 구강준비단계(Oral Preparatory Phase), 구강단계(Oral Phase), 인두단계(Pharyngeal Phase), 식도단계(Esophageal Phase) 4가지로 분류하고 삼킴장애는 침습(Penetration)과 흡인(Aspiration)으로 크게 2가지로 분류한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 6가지 클래스를 가지는 삼킴장애 환자 비디오 파일을 라벨링하기 위한 웹 애플리케이션을 제안한다. 이를 구현하기 위해서 대용량 멀티프레임 이미지를 수신해서 분리하여 저장하도록 개발하였다. 또한 음식덩이를 정교하게 분할할 수 있도록 GrabCut 알고리즘을 적용하여 라벨링할 수 있도록 하였다. 차후 라벨러와 전문의 간의 협업이 가능하도록 라벨링 데이터의 상태를 관리할 수 있도록 개발하고자 한다.

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of self swallowing exercise program with neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES) on swallowing function. Methods : Subjects who were diagnosed in dysphagia were randomly divided into the control group or experimental group. Both group were received NMES during 60 minutes with traditional swallowing therapy during 30 minutes. Additionally the experimental group was received self swallowing exercise during 30 minutes. We invested subject's characteristics through medical chart. We used VDS(Videofluoroscopic Dysphagia Scale) and PAS(Penetration Aspiration Scale) for assessing the swallowing function. Results : There were not significantly different in both group's pre swallowing function. The control group was significantly improved on pyriform sinus residue, aspiration, and VDS total score(p<.05). The experimental group was significantly improved on vallecular residue, pyriform sinus residue, and VDS total score(p<.05). Both group's difference of pre and post swallowing function were not significantly different. Conclusion : Self swallowing exercise and traditional swallowing therapy with NMES and traditional swallowing therapy with NMES are positive effect on swallowing function. The self swallowing exercise is not effective factor.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.909-916
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of swallowing training of high viscosity bolus for swallow function of stroke patients with dysphagia. This study subjects, acute stroke 18 patients, which were recruited to receive treatment in inpatient at general hospital, located in Kyunggido. Subjects were randomly allocated in experimental group and control group. Experimental group performed swallowing training of high viscosity bolus, while control group conducted Traditional dysphagia therapy. Both groups received treatment 30 minutes a day five times a week for four weeks. The assessment was conducted FDS(: Functional Dysphagia Scale), PAS(: Penetration Aspiration Scale), ASHA NOMS(: American Speech-language-hearing Association National Outcomes Measurements System Swallowing Scale) to compare swallow function for both group. Both groups showed significant improvements after intervention in all measures(p<.05). Change score between the two groups showed a significant improvement on experimental group than control group in FDS(p<.05). Swallowing training of high viscosity bolus could have a positive impact on swallow function for acute stroke patients with dysphagia.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.13-23
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• 2019

Background: The purpose of this study was to provide the basis for the treatment intervention by identifying the treatment effect when rehabilitation intervention is applied to patients with dysphagia due to stroke and by comparing the results of the treatment mediation according to the differences of the treatment methods and frequency. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Methods: 30 people diagnosed with dysphagia due to stroke were divided in accordance with the differences in treatment mediation techniques and treatment frequency- traditional swallowing rehabilitation coupled with neuromuscular electrical stimulation group and only neuromuscular electrical stimulation group/ 5 times per week group and 2 times per week group, and ten weeks of treatment intervention was performed. Paired t test was employed to show the efficacy of treatment intervention, Independent sample t test was used to compare the results according to difference and number of treatment intervention techniques. Results: There was a significant positive effect of treatment on traditional swallowing rehabilitation coupled with neuromuscular electrical stimulation group, only neuromuscular electrical stimulation group, 5 times per week group and 2 times per week group (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in treatment effect between traditional swallowing rehabilitation coupled with neuromuscular electrical stimulation group and only neuromuscular electrical stimulation group (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in treatment effect between 5 times per week group and 2 times per week group (p<0.05). Conclusion: There was no significant difference according to the technique or number of treatments of swallowing rehabilitation treatment interventions, but it was confirmed that rehabilitation intervention for dysphagia showed positive treatment effect.