• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.675-681
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• 1998

Low density polyethlene(LDPE0 films of 50${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thickness were fabricated with addition of antimicrobial agents of Rheum palmatum extract, Coptis chinensis extract, sorbic acid and Ag-substitude inorganic zirconium matrix in 1% concentration. The films were compared in physical properties, tested in antimicrobial activity against some selected microorganisms on the agar plate medium and then applied for packaging fresh curled lettuce and cucumber to preserve their qualities. The films with Rheum palmatum extract, Coptis chinensis extract, and Ag-substituted inorganic zirconium matrix did not show any antimicrobial activity on the disk test against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Penicilluium chrysogenum, while film with sorbic acid did against E. coli, S. aureus and L. mesenteroides. The added antimicrobial agents changed the color and light transmittance of the films, but did not affect their mechanical tensile strength, heat shrinkage and wettability. For the packaged curled lettuce and cucumber stored at 5$^{\circ}C$ and 1$0^{\circ}C$, all the LDPE films impregnated with antimicrobial agents showed the reduced growth of total aerobic bacteria in the vegetables compared with control film without any additive until it reached the level around 108/g. They did not give any negative effect on other quality attributes during storage.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.93-96
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• 1967

Especially, we mainly dealt on the isolation of mold in the sample of the Korean products, Kock Ja. The kinds of the isolated strain are such as these, Rhizopus, Mucor, Aspergillus oryzae sp., aspergillus niger sp., Penicillum and Flungi Imperfecti. The action of the starch saccharification of isolated strain and the order of liquefying action are follows: The saccharification power was R-l>R-2>M-2> Kock Ja>M-1>O-2>N-1>O-4 The liquefying power was R-1, R-2>0-2>0-4>M-2, Kock Ja>M-1>N-1 We compared the pH's saccharification curve of each kind of strain with Kock Ja. The most suitable pH value of R-1, R-2 was the closest to pH 4. 0, close value with Kock Ja. The Rhizopus species on the saccharification action of each kind of strain in regard to raw wheat starch was stronger than other kinds of strain. We think that to generalize the above result, the Rhizopus species consists of an important strain of this Kock Ja, and is an important factor for the saccharification action of Kock Ja and the existence of Mucor species as well.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.421-426
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• 1999

The major flavor compounds of Takju mash which was brewed with a modified Nuruk made by inocu-lation and cultivation of Rhizopus japonicus T2, Aspergillus oryzae L2 and Hansenula sp. BC26 isolated from Nuruk, were analyzed, as compared with those with current fermenting agents such as commerical Nur-uk and rice koji of Aspergillus kawachii. The contents of isoamyl alcohol isobutyl alcohol and ethyl acet-ate which were known as aroma compounds in Takju were much higher in mash of modified Nuruk than in that of commercial Nuruk or ricd koji. The major organic acids were lactic fumalic and succinic acid in mash of modified and lactic and acetic acid in mash of commercial Nuruk and citric lactic and suc-cinic acid in mash of rice koji. The contents of total organic acids were 5,146mg/L, 1,706mg/L and 1, 388 mg/L in mash of commercial Nuruk rice koji and modified Nuruk respectively. The major free amino acids were glutamic acid alanine proline and histidine in mash of modified Nuruk and glutamic acid proline leucine and histidine in mash of commercial Nuruk and arginine proline and glutamic acid in mash of rice koji. The contents of total free amino acids were 14,090mg/L 12,202mg/L and 7,152 mg/L in mash of modified Nuruk commercial Nurcuk and rice koji respectively. Therefore it seemed that the Takju mash of modified Nuruk was better than that of commercial Nuruk or rice koji.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.427-432
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• 1999

Physicochemical and sensory properties of Takju which was brewed with a modified Nuruk made by inoculation and cultivation of Rhizopus japonicus T2. Aspergillus oryzae L2. and Hansenula sp. BC26 isolated from Nuruk were investigated as compared with those with current fermenting agents such as com-mercial Nuruk and rice koji of Aspergillus kawachii. The contents of total acid were 0.88% 0.47% and 0.39% in mash of commercial Nuruk rice koji and modified Nuruk respectively. The contents of alcohol were 15.5% 15.1% and 9.0% in mash of modified Nuruk rice koji and commercial Nuruk respectively. The contents of reducing sugar were 2.80% 1.24% and 0.80% in mash of commercial Nuruk modified Nuruk and rice koji respectively. The contents of amino acid were 0.55% 0.47% and 0.23% in mash of modified Nuruk commercial Nuruk and rice koji respectively. Suspended solids were sedimented much more slowly in Takju of modified Nuruk or commercial Nuruk than in that of rice koji Color was pre-ferred in the order of Takju of modified Nuruk commercial Nuruk and rice koji. Odor and taste were preferred in the order of Takju of modified Nuruk rice koji and commercial Nuruk. Therefore it seem-ed that the Takju of modified Nuruk was better than that of commercial Nuruk or rice koji in quality.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.491-496
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a crude protease from Bacillus polyfermenticus on tenderizing pork meat. A B. polyfermenticus protease was characterized, and pork loin samples were treated in solutions containing different enzymes (papain and proteases from Aspergillus oryzae and B. polyfermenticus) and stored for 24, 72, or 168 h at $4^{\circ}C$. Each treated sample was subjected to a quality assessment. B. polyfermenticus protease activity was lower than that for other enzymes tested, although it easily hydrolyzed the meat protein. The optimum temperature and pH for the activity of this protease were $50^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0. The meat tenderizing activity of the protease from A. oryzae was higher than that of papain and the B. polyfermenticus protease. The fragmentation index of the enzyme-treated with the B. polyfermenticus protease was higher than that of the control. A sensory evaluation was not different between meat treated with proteases, but the overall tenderness of enzyme-treated meats was higher than that of the controls. Therefore, the B. polyfermenticus protease, papain, and the A. oryzae protease appear to be suitable for use as meat tenderizers.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1740-1748
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• 2012

A home-made meju sample contaminated naturally with aflatoxins was used for isolation of fungal strains. Overall, 230 fungal isolates were obtained on dichloran rosebengal chloramphenicol (DRBC) and dichloran 18% glycerol (DG18) agar plates. Morphological characteristics and molecular analysis of a partial ${\beta}$-tubulin gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA were used for the identification of the isolates. The fungal isolates were divided into 7 genera: Aspergillus, Eurotium, Penicillium, Eupenicillium, Mucor, Lichtheimia, and Curvularia. Three strains from 56 isolates of the A. oryzae/flavus group were found to be aflatoxigenic A. flavus, by the presence of the aflatoxin biosynthesis genes and confirmatory aflatoxin production by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The predominant isolate from DRBC plates was A. oryzae (42 strains, 36.2%), whereas that from DG18 was A. candidus (61 strains, 53.5%). Out of the 230 isolates, the most common species was A. candidus (34.3%) followed by A. oryzae (22.2%), Mucor circinelloides (13.0%), P. polonicum (10.0%), A. tubingensis (4.8%), and L. ramosa (3.5%). A. flavus and E. chevalieri presented occurrence levels of 2.2%, respectively. The remaining isolates of A. unguis, P. oxalicum, Eupenicillium cinnamopurpureum, A. acidus, E. rubrum, P. chrysogenum, M. racemosus, and C. inaequalis had lower occurrence levels of < 2.0%.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제41권7호
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• pp.500-504
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• 1998

Ascorbic acid(AsA)의 산화 안정성 증진을 목적으로 효소적 배당화를 시도하였다. 본 실험에서 사용한 6종의 ${\beta}-galactosidase$에 대한 당 전이 생성물의 수율을 분석 비교한 결과 Asp. oryzae에서 분리한 ${\beta}-galactosidase$의 당 전이활성이 가장 높았으며, 당 공여체인 lactose와 당 수용체인 AsA 함유용액에서 당 전이 수율은 약 30% 수준이었다. 당 전이 생성물은 $Dowex\;1{\times}8$(Cl-형) 수지에 의한 ion exchange chromatography와 Toyopearl 40S gel chromatography에 의해 분리한 다음 동결건조하였다. Asp. oryzae 유래의 ${\beta}-galactosidase$ 존재 하에서 AsA와 lactose의 반응액에서 분리한 생성물은 UV, IR, CI-MS, $^1H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR$ 등을 이용한 기기분석, 산 및 ${\beta}-galactosidase$에 의한 가수분해 특성을 조사한 결과 AsA에 galactose 1분자가 결합된 $6-O-{\beta}-_D-galactopyranosyl-_L-ascorbic\;acid$로 판명되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.229-237
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• 1975

Protease생산(生産)을 위한 Asp. oryzae의 배양조건(培養條件), 생산효소(生産酵素)의 정제(精製) 및 정제효소(精製酵素)의 육연화(肉軟化)에 관한 효과(效果)에 대(對)하여 연구 하였다. Asp. oryzae가 생산(生産)하는 proteolytic enzyme이 육연화(肉軟化)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. Asp. oryzae를 밀기울에 고체배양(固體培養)한 결과(結果) 최적조건(最適條件)은 배양일수(培養日數) 3일, 산수량(散水量) 130%, pH 6.5와 탄소원(炭素原)으로는 glucose 2%, 질소원으로는 urea 0.03%, mineral salts로 $MgSO_4$ 0.1%가 가장 좋았다. 2. Asp. oryzae 고정(固定)배양액으로부터 효소(酵素)를 추출(抽出)하고 그 추출액으로부터 유안염석(硫安鹽析) 및 Sephadex G-75 columm chromatography에 의하여 정제(精製)하였다. 3. 정제(精製)된 enzyme은 산성(酸性)에서는 hemoglobin, 중성(中性), alkali성(性)에서는 casein를 기질(基質)로 사용한 결과 작용최적(作用最適) pH가 3.0, 6.6, $8.4{\sim}8.5$, $10{\sim}10.5$이었으며 pH의 안정성(安定性)범위는 $pH\;6{\sim}10$이었다. 4. 최적온도(最適溫度)는 $50^{\circ}C$ 이었으나 안정성(安定性)은 $40^{\circ}C$ 까지였다. 5. Metal ion 및 EDTA에 미치는 영향은 protease는 Ag ion에 저해 되었다. 또 ion 농도가 낮아짐에 따라 금속 ion에 의한 조해(阻害)는 감소되었다. EDTA에 의하여서도 조해(阻害)되었다. 6. Chicken과 bovine으로부터 myofibril과 actomyosin을 추출(抽出) 정제(精製)하여 attack시킨 결과(結果) 근원섬유단백질(筋原纖維蛋白質)의 MgATPase활성(活性) 및 Ca-ATPase활성(活性)은 현저하게 변화(變化)하였다. 따라서 본(本) 효소(酵素)는 연육소(軟肉素)로서 이용(利用)할 수 있음을 알았다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.237-244
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• 2010

미생물 발효에 의한 누에분말의 생리활성 작용 및 물질을 개발하기 위한 기초 자료를 얻을 목적으로 Mucor racemosus forma racemosus KCCM 12352, Rhizopus oryzae KCCM 11273, A. oryzae KCCM 11372, A. kawachii KCCM 32819 및 Monascus purpureus KCCM 12002 5종의 곰팡이 균주를 본 실험에 사용하였으며, 이들에 의한 발효 누에분말의 미네랄 함량, 지방산 조성, 단백질 함량, 단백질 패턴, 항산화 활성 및 혈전용해 활성을 비교 검토하였다. 발효 동결 및 열풍건조 누에분말의 주요 미네랄 함량은 각각 칼륨 72.0~76.3 및 77.1~78.9 ppm, 마그네슘 29.6~49.7 및 44.3~58.7 ppm, 칼슘 1.9~14.9 및 9.8~21.6 ppm 및 아연 0.64~0.70 및 4.17~4.52 ppm이였으며, 주요지방산 조성은 linolenic acid, oleic acid 및 palmitic acid 이였다. 발효 동결 및 열풍건조 누에 분말의 단백질을 Native-PAGE로 비교분석 한 결과 발효 동결누에 분말에서 많은 종류의 밴드가 관찰되었으며, SDS-PAGE상의 단백질 패턴 분석에서는 97~66 kDa 중간 정도 크기의 단백질 밴드가 발효에 의해 분해되어 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 발효 동결 및 열풍건조 발효누에 분말의 항산화 활성은 발효전보다 증가하였으나 균주 종류별로는 큰 차이가 없었고, 시판 항산화제 BHT 처리구의 90% 이상의 높은 항산화 활성보다는 낮았다. 혈전용해 활성은 동결 및 열풍건조 누에분말 모두 없었으나, 열풍건조 누에분말의 A. kawachii 및 Monascus purpureus에 의한 발효누에에서 혈전용해 활성이 나타났다. 이상의 실험결과에서 곰팡이 균주에 의한 누에분말의 생리활성 효과 및 이화학적 특성이 발효전 누에 분말보다 강화됨으로써 건강기능식품의 소재로서의 이용 가능성이 높다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.68-75
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• 1998

A. niger의 GOD(Glucose Oxidase) 대량생산과 효율적인 분비를 protein의 대량생산에 많이 사용되는 strain인 S. cerevisiae에서 시도하였다. S. cerevisiae의 ADH1과 GAL 10 promotor, 그리고 ${alpha}$-MF signal sequence와 A. oryzae의 ${alpha}$-amylase signal sequence 및 S. cerevisiae의 GAL7과 A. niger의 GOD terminator를 이용하여 4개의 expression vector를 합성한 후 S. cerevisiae 2805에 auxotroph 방법으로 형질변환시켰다. 변이체들을 배양하여 세포내와 세포외의 GOD활성도를 분석한 결과 GAL 10 promotor가 삽입된 pGAL변이체들이 ADH1 promotor가 삽입된 pADH 변이체들 보다 GOD 생산성이 높았다. GAL 10 promotor와 A. oryzae의 ${alpha}$-amylase signal sequence가 삽입된 pGALGO2에서 115시간 배양시 GOD의 생산이 가장 높았다($GOD_{total}$: 10.3 unit/mL, $GOD_{ex}$: 8.7 unit/mL). 이 수치는 같은 promotor인 GAL 10 promotor와 ${alpha}$-MF signal sequence가 삽입된 pGALGO1보다 3배정도 높다. 이 결과는 ADH 1 promotor를 사용하였을 경우에도 일치하였다. 또한 A. oryzae의 ${alpha}$-amylase signal sequence가 S. cerevisiae의 ${alpha}$-MF signal sequence보다 GOD를 더 효과적으로 분비시켰다. 상기 결과로 미루어 보면 signal sequence가 단백질의 분비 외에도 단백질 합성에도 많은 영향을 주는 것으로 추측된다. pGALGO1과 pGALGO2의 GOD분비효율은 각각 89%, 84%이었다. S. cerevisiae에서는 일반적으로 과당화가 일어나기 때문에 S. cerevisiae에서 합성된 재조합 GOD의 분자량은 250 kDa으로 A. niger의 GOD(170 kDa)보다 더 컸다.