• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.85 no.4
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• pp.705-713
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• 2024

This article discusses studies and real-world experiences related to the clinical application of artificial intelligence-based computer-aided detection (AI-CAD) software (LuCAS-plus, Monitor Corporation) in detecting pulmonary nodules. During clinical trials for lung cancer screening, AI-CAD exhibited performance comparable to that of medical professionals in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Studies revealed that applying AI-CAD for diagnosing pulmonary metastases led to high detection rates. The use of a nodule matching algorithm in diagnosing pulmonary metastases significantly reduced false non-metastasis results. In clinical settings, implementing AI-CAD enhanced the efficiency of pulmonary nodule detection, saving time and effort during CT reading. Overall, AI-CAD is expected to offer substantial support for lung cancer screening and the interpretation of chest CT scans for malignant tumor surveillance.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2000

The artificial lung is a device used to replace the function of the lungs. The major function of the lung is to remove carbon dioxide from the venous blood and replace it with oxygen, or arterialize the blood. And the function of the artificial lung is to provide an adequate amount of oxygenated blood to all the tissues of body during the open heart surgery. Extracorporeal life support(ECLS or ECMO) is standard treatment for severe respiratory failure but poses many contributions to future lung transplantation. Artificial Lung or membrane oxygenators available today, based on microporous polypropylene fibers, are associated with two major problems. They require systemic anticoagulation of the patient and they allow serum leakage across the membrane from the blood side to the gas side during long-term use. We obtained newly fabricated polypropylene(PP)/polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) membranes which combined PP membrane, a microporous support layer with PDMS, and we had investiaged a technique for minimizing serum lekage of polypropylene(PP) membrane. The gas permeability of each PP/PDMS membrane was almost constant before and after the whole blood test by Lee-White method, while that of PP membrane was significantly reduced. Therefore the PP/PDMS membrane could be prevented serum leakage of PP membrane. In addition, the gas permeability of $CO_2$ in PP/PDMS membrane was 11.5 times higher as compared with that of $O_2$.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.143-153
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• 2006

The purpose of this work was to assess and quantify the beneficial effects of gas exchange, while testingto the various frequencies of the sinusoidal wave that was excited by the PZT actuator, for patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or chronic respiratory problems. Also, this paper considered a simulator to design a hollow type artificial lung, and a mathematical model was used to predict a behavior of blood. This simulation was carried out according to the Montecarno's simulation method, anda fourth order Runge-Kutta method was used to solve the equation. The experimental design and procedure are then applied to the construction of a new device to assess the effectiveness of the membrane vibrations. As a result, the vibration method is very effective in the increase of gas transport. The gas exchange efficiency for the vibrating intravascular lung assist device can be increased by emphasizing the following design features: consistent and reproducible fiber geometry, and most importantly, an active means of enhancing convective mixing of water around the hollow fiber membranes. The experimental results showed the effective performance of the vibrating intravascular lung assist device. Also, we concluded that important design parameters were blood flow rates, fiber outer diameter and oxygen pressure drop. Based on the present results, it was believed that the optimal level of blood flow rates was 200$cm^3$/min.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.3043-3050
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• 2022

In Korea, all nuclear power plants (NPPs) participate in annual performance tests including in vivo measurements using the FastScan, a stand type whole body counter (WBC), manufactured by Canberra. In 2018, all Korean NPPs satisfied the testing criterion, the root mean square error (RMSE) ≤ 0.25, for the whole body configuration, but three NPPs which participated in an additional lung configuration test in the fission and activation product category did not meet the criterion. Due to the low resolution of the FastScan NaI(Tl) detectors, the conventional peak analysis (PA) method of the FastScan did not show sufficient performance to meet the criterion in the presence of interfering radioisotopes (RIs), ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs. In this study, we developed an artificial neural network (ANN) to improve the performance of the FastScan in the lung configuration. All of the RMSE values derived by the ANN satisfied the criterion, even though the photopeaks of ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs interfered with those of the analytes or the analyte photopeaks were located in a low-energy region below 300 keV. Since the ANN performed better than the PA method, it would be expected to be a promising approach to improve the accuracy and precision of in vivo FastScan measurement for the lung configuration.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.4661-4664
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• 2016

Background: Artificial light at night (ALAN) has been linked to increased risk of cancers in body sites like the breast and colorectum. However exposure of ALAN as an environmental risk factor and its relation to cancers in humans has never been studied in detail. Objective: To explore the association of ALAN with all forms of cancers in 158 countries. Materials and Methods: An ecological study encompassing global data was conducted from January to June 2015, with age-standardized rates (ASR) of cancers as the outcome measure. ALAN, in the protected areas, as the exposure variable, was measured with reference to the Protected Area Light Pollution Indicator (PALI) and the Protected Area Human Influence Indicator (PAHI). Pearson's correlations were calculated for PALI and PAHI with ASR of cancers for 158 countries, adjusted for country populations, electricity consumption, air pollution, and total area covered by forest. Stratified analysis was conducted according to the country income levels. Linear regression was applied to measure the variation in cancers explained by PALI and PAHI. Results: PALI and PAHI were positively associated with ASR of all forms of cancer, and also the four most common cancers (p < 0.05). These positive correlations remained statistically significant for PAHI with all forms of cancer, lung, breast, and colorectal cancer after adjusting for confounders. Positive associations of PALI and PAHI with cancers varied with income level of the individual countries. Variation in all forms of cancers, and the four most common cancers explained by PALI and PAHI, ranged from 3.3 - 35.5%. Conclusion: Artificial light at night is significantly correlated for all forms of cancer as well as lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers individually. Immediate measures should be taken to limit artificial light at night in the main cities around the world and also inside houses.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.325-331
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• 2022

Postoperative critical care management for lung transplant recipients in the intensive care unit (ICU) has expanded in recent years due to its complexity and impact on clinical outcomes. The practical aspects of post-transplant critical care management, especially regarding ventilation and hemodynamic management during the early postoperative period in the ICU, are discussed in this brief review. Monitoring in the ICU provides information on the patient's clinical status, diagnostic assessment of complications, and future management plans since lung transplantation involves unique pathophysiological conditions and risk factors for complications. After lung transplantation, the grafts should be appropriately ventilated with lung protective strategies to prevent ventilator-induced lung injury, as well as to promote graft function and maintain adequate gas exchange. Hypotension and varying degrees of pulmonary edema are common in the immediate postoperative lung transplantation setting. Ventricular dysfunction in lung transplant recipients should also be considered. Therefore, adequate volume and hemodynamic management with vasoactive agents based on their physiological effects and patient response are critical in the early postoperative lung transplantation period. Integrated management provided by a professional multidisciplinary team is essential for the critical care management of lung transplant recipients in the ICU.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2003

In this study, we try to formularize simultaneous equations to make a prediction about pressure drop for designing intravascular artificial lung assist device. Designing parameters to predict the effect of pressure drop and designed modules under various conditions were studied through an experimental modeling before inserting the artificial lung assist device into as venous. We measured pressure drop in various number of hollow fiber membranes, when the inside diameter of shell is fixed in 3 cm, and tried to develope the prediction equations by curve fitting based on the correlation between the experimental pressure drop and the device frontal area or packing density. The results showed that pressure drop increased with 2nd order functional formula as the liquid flow rate, the frontal area, and the packing density increased. Also, we can estimate the pressure drop as a function of the frontal area or packing density. The pressure drop obtained from the experiment was similar to that from the equation, confirming the usefulness of the equation.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2012

The temporal subtraction technique as one of computer aided diagnosis has been introduced in medical fields to enhance the interval changes such as formation of new lesions and changes in existing abnormalities on deference image. With the temporal subtraction technique radiologists can easily detect lung nodules on visual screening. Until now, two-dimensional temporal subtraction imaging technique has been introduced for the clinical test. We have developed new temporal subtraction method to remove the subtraction artifacts which is caused by mis-registration on temporal subtraction images of lungs on MDCT images. In this paper, we propose a new computer aided diagnosis scheme for automatic enhancing the lung nodules from the temporal subtraction of thoracic MDCT images. At first, the candidates regions included nodules are detected by the multiple threshold technique in terms of the pixel value on the temporal subtraction images. Then, a rule-base method and artificial neural networks is utilized to remove the false positives of nodule candidates which is obtained temporal subtraction images. We have applied our detection of lung nodules to 30 thoracic MDCT image sets including lung nodules. With the detection method, satisfactory experimental results are obtained. Some experimental results are shown with discussion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.85 no.4
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• pp.714-726
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• 2024

Researchers have developed various algorithms utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically and objectively diagnose patterns and extent of pulmonary emphysema or interstitial lung diseases on chest CT scans. Studies show that AI-based quantification of emphysema on chest CT scans reveals a connection between an increase in the relative percentage of emphysema and a decline in lung function. Notably, quantifying centrilobular emphysema has proven helpful in predicting clinical symptoms or mortality rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In the context of interstitial lung diseases, AI can classify the usual interstitial pneumonia pattern on CT scans into categories like normal, ground-glass opacity, reticular opacity, honeycombing, emphysema, and consolidation. This classification accuracy is comparable to chest radiologists (70%-80%). However, the results generated by AI are influenced by factors such as scan parameters, reconstruction algorithms, radiation doses, and the training data used to develop the AI. These limitations currently restrict the widespread adoption of AI for quantifying pulmonary emphysema and interstitial lung diseases in daily clinical practice. This paper will showcase the authors' experience using AI for diagnosing and quantifying emphysema and interstitial lung diseases through case studies. We will primarily focus on the advantages and limitations of AI for these two diseases.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 1976

The effects of atelectasis on surface activity of lung extracts were examined in rabbits. Experimental atelectasis was produced in rabbits by artificial pneumothorax and surface tension properties were measured on saline extracts of lung 24 hrs, 48 hrs, one week and four weeks after the induction of pneumothorax. The results were as follows; 1) The minimum surface tension of excised lung extracts 24 hrs after pneumothorax was significantly increased to 28.3 0.41 dynes/cm, and the stability index was significantly decreased to 0.30 from normal value of 0. 87. 2) In the group which was re-expanded 24 hours, later from pneumothorax the surface activity was returned to almost normal range 24 hrs after reexpansion of collapsed lung, 3) When the atelectasis was continued by mechanical means, the extracts of atelectatic lung showed progressive decrease in surface activity, but it was found that surface activity returned to normal level after four weeks even the presence of atelectasis. 4) These observations suggest to us that atelectasis per se does not cause an increase in surface tension of lung extracts, and even in prolonged atelectasis the re-expansion of collapsed lung may be possible when the mechanical cause of atelectasis was excluded.