• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2000

Motivated by the need for developing the more efficient lighting system for light culture in the greenhouses, this paper aims to predict the illumination of incandescent lamp according to various levels of lighting and various kinds of the lamp. The results obtained in this experiment are summarized as follows. 1. The general equation to predict the illumination according to the kind of incandescent lamp and the installation height was suggested as {{{{y= { a + bx+ cx^2} over { 1+dx+ex^2~ + fx^3} [lx]}}}} , where , a, b, c , d, e and of were arbitrary constants. 2. Maximum illumination of hat-covered lamp of 60 W was 1.2 -1.5 times as many as uncovered lamp. 3. Maximum illumination of yellow color painted lamp of 100 W was 1.3 times as many as unpainted lamp.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.289-298
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the present conditions of illumination techniques in dental laboratories in order to distinguish colors for esthetic dentistry. Materials and Methods: A total of forty-eight local dental laboratories were selected for sampling a) luminous intensity and b) color temperature. We measured the luminous intensity and the color temperature on a center point of porcelain table with lux meter and color meter respectively. The measurements were performed twice, once on a clear day and on a cloudy day between 12 pm and 2 pm (day light and artificial illumination) and between 7 pm and 10 pm (artificial illumination only). Results: The results obtained were as follows. 1. The average luminous intensity in dental laboratories lighting was 1871 lx, and 67% of dental laboratories had luminous intensity greater than 1600 lx, which was appropriate for operations related to colors, while 33% of dental laboratories had in sufficient lighting for appropriate luminous intensity. 2. The average color temperature in dental laboratories lighting was 6506 K, which was inappropriate for operations related to color. None of the dental laboratories had a color temperature range of 5000 - 5500 K, which is appropriate for operations related to colors. 3. Between daytime and nighttime, also between clear day and cloudy day, the average luminous intensity and color temperature in dental laboratories were not significantly different. Conclusion: Illumination in most dental laboratories selected in this study was inappropriate for operations related to color.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2005

In Interior design, light is the most important factor in deciding color, texture and illumination level which are the basic factors of spatial design. To apply rendering technologies on prediction of illuminating effect, it is important to understand and analyse the basic properties of the illumination models that are local illumination model and global illumination model. The illumination models in computer graphics express the factors which determine the surface color, texture and light distribution through the reflection. The purpose of this study is to propose the best way of shading algorithm in interior space provided by the computer, based on the experimental analysis that 5 shading methods are applied to the interior space. The results of this study were as followed. 1) Local illumination models that are Lambert shading, Ground shading and Phong shading are not suitable to the prediction of interior illumination effect. 2) Ray tracing that is global illumination model could be adopted to interior illumination effects. Ray tracing is a very versatile algorithm because of the large range of lighting effects it can model. 3) Neither radiality nor ray tracing offers a complete solution for simulating all interior illumination effects. 4) Radiosity excels at rendering diffuse-to-diffuse inter-reflections and ray tracing excels at rendering specular reflections. By merging both shading techniques, that offers the best of both. Using computer technologies to simulate lighting in preliminary design stage which will provide information for designers and occupants to determine the effect of using artificial light sources at each stage of their design process. Further study in illumination analysis, prediction of illumination effect, and lighting calculation is required as computer media expands.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 2017

Under natural conditions, black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), colonizes in warm temperate regions, and is active in Korea from May through October. Information on black soldier fly rearing, which is affected by seasonal factors in Korea, is limited. Oviposition by black soldier flies is dependent on light intensity and wavelength. Therefore, continuous mass rearing of this fly requires determination of optimal artificial conditions of illumination. In this study, we compared the number of eggs laid under an artificial light source (750 watt HPL lamp) versus nature sunlight. Our results showed that compared to oviposition under natural sunlight, the use of one or two lamps for 7 hours, resulted in only 43 and 76%, of the total number of eggs laid under natural sunlight, respectively. We also investigated the hatchability of oviposited eggs under artificial illumination and under natural sunlight. The hatching rate under the former was much significantly lower than under the latter. Further detailed research is required to develop methods for successful mass rearing of black soldier fly throughout the year by means of an indoor system.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.314-318
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop a measurement system for determining photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) distribution and illumination efficiency of LED lamps. Methods: The system was composed of a linear moving sensor part (LMSP), a rotating part to turn the LMSP, a body assembly to support the rotating part, and a motor controller. The average PPF of the LED lamp with natural cooling and water cooling was evaluated using the measurement system. Results: The PPF of LED lamp with water cooling was 3.1-31.7% greater than that with natural cooling. Based on the measured value, PPF on the horizontal surface was predicted. Illumination efficiency of the LED lamp was slightly increased with water cooling by 3.4%, compared with natural cooling. A simulation program using MATLAB was developed to analyze the effects of the vertical distance from lighting sources to growing bed, lamp spacing, and number of LED lamps, on the PPF distribution on the horizontal surface. The uniformity of the PPF distribution of the LED lamps was fairly improved with 15 cm spacing, as compared to the 5 cm spacing. By simulation, PPF of $217.0{\pm}27.9{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ was obtained at the vertical distance of 40 cm from six LED lamps with 12 cm spacing. This simulated PPF was compared to the measured one of $225.9{\pm}25.6{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. After continuous lighting of 346 days, the relative PPF of LED lamps with water cooling and natural cooling was decreased by 6.6% and 22.8%, respectively. Conclusions: From these results, it was concluded that the measurement system developed in this study was useful for determining PPF and illumination efficiency of artificial lighting sources including LED lamp.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.385-393
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• 2011

As the economic growth achieved and the straight road was increased. so, the tunnel built more than before. In these days, lighting of tunnel entrance is important for safety and comfortable driving. Most of the tunnel lighting depend on artificial lighting and they use a lot of energy. In this paper, as a research for illumination improvement and saving energy at tunnel, reflecting mirror system is suggested. The performance of the system was evaluated with respect to various aspects. By applying a reflective mirror system, tunnel lighting and environment can be improved. This study is a preliminary study for developing a system to save energy of tunnel artificial lighting.

• The Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.139-139
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• 1999

In this paper, the result of study in artificial lighting uniformity ratio yield method subject to lecture room are reported. It is desirable that the application of equation ① U=Ei/Ex×100 cannot be used to the mean value in place to be effective of light and darkness. And it is desirable that the application of equation ② U=Ei/Ea×100 or equation ③ U=(Ea-Ei)/Ea×100 be used to the mean Value equality illumination conditions. Also, requiring preparation of judgement standard, uniformity ratio equation agree with actual circumstances in this country. It must be considered intensity of illumination and specificity of space in established standard.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1998.06b
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• pp.122-128
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• 1998

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 2008

Currently an office in information society is advanced to a digitalized VDT office. The VDT office has a natural luminous system prioritizing visual perception and so importance of lighting design by artificial lighting is emphasized in the VDT office. The purpose of the study is to analyze Illumination and Luminance for lighting design by the standard of ergonomics in the VDT office. The study analyzed Illumination and Luminance in the main control room of an nuclear power plant needing a design of ergonomics ACR(Advanced Control Room) type Ling Ao phase II NPP MCR in Guangdong, China. The study examined the relativity of ACR characteristics to its operator's duties and set up an outline of lighting design, the standard of ergonomics and input data for the analysis. Thus, the study examined appropriateness with the standard of ergonomics setting up the analyzed Illumination and Luminance and drew a conclusion.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.194-199
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• 2001

Chlorella kessleri cultivated in artificial wastewater using diurnal illumination of 12h light/12h dark (L/D) cycles. The inoculum density was 10(sup)5 cells/mL and the irradiance in light cycle was 45$\mu$mol㎡s(sup)-1 at the culture surface. As a control culture, another set of flasks was cultivated under continuous illumination. Regardless of the illumination scheme, the total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced below 20% of the initial concentration within a day. However, cell concentration under the L/D lighting scheme was lower tan that under the continuous illuminating scheme. Thus the specific removal rate of organic carbon under L/D cycles was higher than that under continuous illumination. This result suggested that C. kessleri grew chemoorganotrophically in the dark periods. After 3 days, nitrate was reduced to 136.5 and 154.1mg NO$_3$-N/L from 168.1mg NO$_3$-N/L under continuous illumination and under diurnal cycles, respectively. These results indicate nitrate removal efficiency under continuous light was better than that under diurnal cycles. High-density algal cultures using optimized photobioreactors with diurnal cycles will save energy and improve organic carbon sources removal.