• 전기학회논문지
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• 제58권10호
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• pp.1989-1994
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• 2009

This study purposes are improvement of system (lamp & ballast) efficacy with and optical characteristics through the developed ceramic arc tube. The designed electronic ballast is substituted for conventional magnetic ballast. These electric signal and optical, thermal characteristics through the improving efficacy of lighting system compared with conventional magnetic ballast. properties of lamp by driving method is researching in ballast. Particularly, electronic ballasts, which improved against weakness of Magnetic Ballast, are researching and applying to control of ceramic metal-halide lamp. but One major limitation is the acoustic resonance problem in CMH lamps at high-frequency operation. In order to avoid acoustic resonance, driving frequency decided 21[kHz]. Before discharge in this paper. The PSpice simulation result obtained sufficient voltage gain and the ignition voltage obtained over 3[kV] at 75[kHz]. After discharge, driving voltage obtained approximately 90[Vrms] at 21[kHz].

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제50권12호
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• pp.622-626
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• 2001

HID(high intensity discharge)lamps are high pressure mercury lamp, high pressure sodium lamp and metalhalide lamp. metalhalide lamp among these lamps has considered to be one of the most effective artificial light sources and this lamp has good efficiency, good color rendition and good focusing capability, But the shortcorning of metalhalide lamp is known as acoustic resonance phenomena in the discharge tube when lighted by electronic ballast and then acoustic resonance cause various problems such as the arc instability, light output fluctuations. In this paper, to reduce the acoustic resonence phenomena, the electronic ballast was designed by three methods for high frequency operation wish frequency-modulated sinusodial waves in acoustic resonance frequency band. These frequency-modulated methods are resonance frequency and resonance frequency, resonance frequency and non-resonance frequency non-resonance frequency and non-resonance frequency Experiment results could't show the Presence of acoustic resonance visually and it proved that the resonance-generating conditions can be avoided by continuously changing the two operating frequencies in acoustic resonance band (20.59kHz∼94.2kHz).

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.617-635
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• 2021

This paper numerically investigated the behavior of built-up square concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns under combined preload and axial compression. The finite element (FE) models of target columns were verified in terms of failure mode, axial load-deformation curve and ultimate strength. A full-range analysis on the axial load-deformation response as well as the interaction behavior was conducted to reveal the composite mechanism. The parametric study was performed to investigate the influences of material strengths and geometric sizes. Subsequently, influence of construction preload on the full-range behavior and confinement effect was investigated. Numerical results indicate that the axial load-deformation curve can be divided into four working stages where the contact pressure of curling rib arc gradually disappears as the steel tube buckles; increasing width-to-thickness (B/t) ratio can enhance the strength enhancement index (e.g., an increment of 1.88% from B/t=40 to B/t=100), though ultimate strength and ductility are decreased; stiffener length and lip inclination angle display a slight influence on strength enhancement index and ductility; construction preload can degrade the plastic deformation capacity and postpone the origin appearance of contact pressure, thus making a decrease of 14.81%~27.23% in ductility. Finally, a revised equation for determining strain εscy corresponding to ultimate strength was proposed to evaluate the plastic deformation capacity of built-up square CFST columns.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2023

In this study, STS316L produced by a double-melting process involving vacuum induction melting (VIM) and vacuum arc remelting (VAR) was subjected to extrusion and drawing to form a tube and was subsequently electrolytic polished (EP). The grain size of the obtained STS316L without EP was approximately 55 ㎛, with no difference found after EP. The thickness of the EP layer was measured by AES and TEM, showing values of approximately 10 nm and 15 nm, respectively. After EP, the Cr/Fe and CrO/FeO ratios of the passive layer increased from 1.48 to 1.62 and from 2.15 to 2.26, respectively, while the surface roughness decreased significantly from 0.255 to 0.024 ㎛. Consequently, the corrosion rate decreased in both NaCl and HCl solutions after the EP process. Additionally, the amounts of eluted Cr and Fe ions were reduced from 1.2 to 0.8 ppb and 10.3 to 0.8 ppb, respectively. Furthermore, polarization tests revealed that STS316L treated with EP required a lower current density to reach a passive state, indicating that corrosion behavior was retarded.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2014

전기로 제강분진(EAFD)으로부터 환원배소에 의해 회수한 조산화 아연 내에는 다양한 종류의 비등점이 낮은 물질이 존재한다. 따라서 일반적으로 산화배소를 통한 정제과정을 통해 염화물 형태로 존재하는 물질들을 기화시켜 고순도의 기능성 산화아연을 생산하게 된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 조산화 아연의 산화배소 특성을 체계적으로 규명하여 대량생산공정에 적용할 때의 효율성을 극대화하고자 하였다. 조산화 아연을 적절한 방법을 통해 직경 1-3 mm, 10 mm의 펠렛을 제조하여, 각 시편을 분말시편과 함께 수직 관상로에서 로타리 킬른의 실조업을 묘사하여 산화분위기에서 $600{\sim}1200^{\circ}C$ 온도영역까지 $20^{\circ}C/hr$ 승온속도로 가열하면서 체재시간을 유지하였다. 실험결과 펠렛의 크기에 따른 기화속도의 변화가 $950^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도에서는 현저히 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 회수된 시편은 ICP-OES, XRF장비를 통하여 성분분석을 실시한 결과 Zn의 농도는 비례적으로 증가함을 알 수 있었으며, Cl 등의 불순물의 농도도 현저히 감소하였다. XRD 분석결과 온도가 증가할수록 염화물 피크는 관찰되지 않았으며, 본 산화배소실험을 통하여 98%이상의 고순도 산화아연을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.127-137
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• 2012

Leksell은 뇌동정맥기형종의 중심에 280 kVp 관전압 방사선빔을 집속하는 방법으로 방사선수술법을 고안 시술한 바 있으며, 이 후 코발트-60 감마 선원 201개의 선속이 헬멧콜리메터를 지나 구의 중심에 초점을 이루게 한 감마나이프를 개발하여 표적병변에 높은 선량을 주어 비침습적으로 수술효과를 얻었다. 선형가속기는 높은 선량률과 1 mm 이내의 갠트리회전중심과 안정된 치료대회전 및 선량성능검증효과와 획기적으로 발전된 3차원선량계획 전산화에 힘입어 정밀하고 높은 정확성에 바탕을 둔 비공면궤적으로 방사선을 환부에 집속할 수 있어, 병변 주위의 정상조직에는 낮은 선량이 도달하고 병변에 높은 선량을 줄 수 있는 뇌정위방사선수술에 이용할 수 있게 되었다. 특히 Photon Knife는 환자의 체축을 이용하여 선속이 환부를 중심으로 종횡의 비공면궤적을 이루게 하여 치료선량분포에서 90%와 50% 선량폭을 2~3 mm 까지 좁힐 수 있는 기법을 보였다. 최근 선형가속기의 방사선수술은 2.5~3 mm 폭의 초박형 다엽콜리메터를 이용한 세기조절에 의한 시술이 늘어나는 경향이며, 종전의 종양의 크기에 따른 제한을 넘어 3 cm 이상의 종양에도 시행되고 있다. 뇌정위방사선수술은 선량모델을 뒷받침하는 마이크로 선량계측 및 평가와 성능보증이 필수적이며 선량분포의 경사도를 높이는 기법이 지속적으로 연구되어야 한다. 특히 초박형다엽콜리메터를 이용한 방사선수술은 다엽콜리메터 요철(Tongue and groove) 에 의해 일어나는 표적내 선량저하 부위를 평가하고 균등한 표적선량이 이루어지도록 하며, 마이크로 분해능을 가진 선량검증 방법이 앞으로 더욱 발전할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.254-263
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• 2006

Manganese has a role as both toxic and essential in humans. Manganese is also an essential component in the welding because it increases the hardness and strength, prevents steel from cracking of welding part and acts as a deoxidizing agent to form a stable weld. In this study, manganese generation rate and its content was determined in flux cored arc welding on stainless steel. Domestic two products and foreign four products of flux cored wires were tested in the well designed fume generation chamber as a function of input power. Welding fume was measured by gravimetric method and metal manganese was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometer. The outer shell of the flux cored wire tube and inner flux were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy to determine their metal compositions. Manganese generation rate($FGR_{mn}$) was increased as the input power increased. It was 16.3 mg/min at the low input power, 38.1 mg/min at the optimal input power, and up to 55.4 mg/min at the high input power. This means that $FGR_{mn}$ is increased at the work place if welder raise the current and/or voltage for the high productivity. The slope coefficient of $FGR_{mn}$ was smaller than that of the generation rate of total fume(FGR). Also, the correlation coefficient of $FGR_{mn}$ was 0.65 whereas that of FGR is 0.91. $FGR_{mn}$ was equal or higher in the domestic products than that of the foreign products although FGR was similar. From the electron microscopic analytical data, we concluded that outer shell of the wire was composed mainly of iron, chromium, nickel and less than 1.2 % of manganese. There are many metal ingredients such as iron, silica, manganese, zirconium, titanium, nickel, potassium, and aluminum in the inner flux but they were not homogeneous. It was found that both $FGR_{mn}$ and content of manganese was higher and more varied in domestic flux cored wires than those of foreign products. To reduce worker exposure to fumes and hazardous component at the source, further research is needed to develop new welding filler materials that improve the quality of flux cored wire in respect to these points. Welder should keep in mind that the FGR, $FGR_{mn}$ and probably the generation rate of other hazardous metals were increased as the input power increase for the high productivity.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2003

선형가속기(Mitsubishi, ML15MDX)를 이용한 방사선수술시스템인 Photon Knife에서 Linac-gram을 통해 선속-표적 위치를 확인하여 신뢰성 있는 시술을 유지하도록 하였다. 선속-레이저광 교정 기구를 제작하여 레이저광의 입사점과 사출점을 조사하여 빔의 위치결정에 이용하였다. 선형가속기에 부착한 보조 콜리메이터의 고정을 확인하기 위해 Isocenter에서 5 cm 떨어진 위치에 팔각형 필름지지체를 두도록 제작하고 확인용 필름(Kodak X-omat V2)을 설치하였다. 필름에 선형가속기의 지지체를 45$^{\circ}$씩 회전조사 하여 필름에 나타난 거리로 보조 콜리메이터의 이동을 확인한 결과 실험 오차내에서 이동이 없음을 확인하였다. 임상에 이용한 체위 표시기는 10 mm 쇠구슬 제도와 납인형을 두어 PKRS 시술시 환부의 체위를 쉽게 확인할 수 있도록 고안제작되었다. 앙와위 및 우측 측와위로 조사한 방사선수술에서 표적 위치기에 있는 양측 쇠구슬과 콜리메이터 조사면과의 일치를 LINAC-gram에서 확인한 결과 CT 영상의 표적좌표와 비교해서 평균 0.8$\pm$0.26 mm 의 오차범위에서 시술하였음을 보이므로 방사선조사의 정확성을 알 수 있다. 선형가속기의 Couch 에 임의의 힘을 가했을 때 위치변동은 좌우 $\pm$5 mm, Couch 축방향으로 $\pm$1 mm, 상하로 $\pm$2 mm 이동할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과로 Photon knife 방사선 수술 시스템은 방사선수술 전 환부의 표적과 선속의 일치를 LINAC-gram을 통해 확인할 수 있어 시술의 신뢰도를 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.70-80
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• 2014

Duplex stainless steels with nearly equal fraction of the ferrite(${\alpha}$) phase and austenite(${\gamma}$) phase have been increasingly used for various applications such as power plants, desalination facilities due to their high resistance to corrosion, good weldability, and excellent mechanical properties. Hyper duplex stainless steel (HDSS) is defined as the future duplex stainless steel with a pitting resistance equivalent (PRE=wt.%Cr+3.3(wt.%Mo+0.5wt.%W)+30wt.%N) of above 50. However, when HDSS is welded with gas tungsten arc (GTA), incorporation of nitrogen in the Ar shielding gas are very important because the volume fraction of ${\alpha}$-phase and ${\gamma}$-phase is changed and harmful secondary phases can be formed in the welded zone. In other words, the balance of corrosion resistance between two phases and reduction of $Cr_2N$ are the key points of this study. The primary results of this study are as follows. The addition of $N_2$ to the Ar shielding gas provides phase balance under weld-cooling conditions and increases the transformation temperature of the ${\alpha}$-phase to ${\gamma}$-phase, increasing the fraction of ${\gamma}$-phase as well as decreasing the precipitation of $Cr_2N$. In the anodic polarization test, the addition of nitrogen gas in the Ar shielding gas improved values of the electrochemical parameters, compared to the Pure Ar. Also, in the erosion-corrosion test, the HDSS welded with shielding gas containing $N_2$ decreased the weight loss, compared to HDSS welded with the Ar pure gas. This result showed the resistance of erosion-corrosion was increased due to increasing the fraction of ${\gamma}$-phase and the stability of passive film according to the addition $N_2$ gas to the Ar shielding gas. As a result, the addition of nitrogen gas to the shielding gas improved the resistance of erosion-corrosion.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.571-583
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• 2017

A kind of accordion-web RBS connection, "Tubular Web RBS (TW-RBS)" connection is proposed in this research. TW-RBS is made by replacing a part of web with a tube at the desirable location of the beam plastic hinge. This paper presents first a numerical study under cyclic load using ABAQUS finite element software. A test specimen is used for calibration and comparison of numerical results. Obtained results indicated that TW-RBS would reduce contribution of the beam web to the whole moment strength and creates a ductile fuse far from components of the beam-to-column connection. Besides, TW-RBS connection can increase story drift capacity up to 9% in the case of shallow beams which is much more than those stipulated by the current seismic codes. Furthermore, the tubular web like corrugated sheet can improve both the out-of-plane stiffness of the beam longitudinal axis and the flange stability condition due to the smaller width to thickness ratio of the beam flange in the plastic hinge region. Thus, the tubular web in the plastic hinge region improves lateral-torsional buckling stability of the beam as just local buckling of the beam flange at the center of the reduced section was observed during the tests. Also change of direction of strain in arc shape of the tubular web section is smaller than the accordion webs with sharp corners therefore the tubular web provides a better condition in terms of low-cycle fatigue than other accordion web with sharp corners.