• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.1736-1743
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of 80% ethanol grape leaf extract (VGLE) and resveratrol (VGLR) from Vitis romaneti on antioxidant of red blood cells (RBC) of rat and efficacy of blood flow improvement in a rat model of topical ferric chloride ($FeCl_3$)-induced carotid artery damage. RBC oxidative hemolysis and plasma lipid peroxidation induced by the aqueous peroxyl radical generator 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride were significantly suppressed by VGLE or VGLR in a dose-dependent manner. The $FeCl_3$ treatment seriously damaged the carotid artery: the walls of the artery and blood flow. However, VGLE or VGLR administration has ameliorated the blood flow and suppressed thrombus in blood vessels. These results suggest that VGLE or VGLR ameliorates the oxidative stress of RBC and thrombosis against blood vessel damage.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.73-83
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• 2006

The dried needles (1.5 kg) of Abies koreana and Abies holophylla were ground, extracted with acetone-$H_2O$ (7:3, v/v), concentrated, and fractionated with a series of hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate and water on a separatory funnel. Each fraction was freeze dried, then a portion of ethyl acetate soluble powder was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using a series of aqueous methanol and ethanol-hexane mixture as eluents. The isolated compounds were identified by cellulose TLC, $^1H$, $^{13}C-NMR$, COSY, HETCOR, FAB and EI-MS. The needles of Abies koreana and Abies holophylla contained a large amount of aromadendrin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (compound III), polydatin (compound VI), (-)-rhododendrol-2-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (compound VII), in addition to a small amount of (+)-catechin (compound I), kaempferol-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (compound IV), myricetin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (compound V), naringenin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (compound II). DPPH analysis was also tested to investigate the antioxidative effects on the isolated compounds and (+)-catechin and polydatin were effective.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 1987

Solutions of food colorants were tested with insoluble drugs (kaolin, active carbon, talc, natural aluminum silicate) for their adsorption phenomena in purified water, gastric and intestinal fluid test solutions, respectively. The adsorption isotherms of kaolin with Red 2 in purified water, and active carbon with Red 2, 3, 40 in the three media, with Yellow 4 in purified water, gastric fluid, with Yellow 5 in intestinal fluid and natural aluminum silicate with Red 3 in purified water, intestinal fluid, with Yellow 4, 5 in purified water followed the Freundlich equation, and those of talc with Red 2, 3, Yellow 5 in the three media, with Red 40 in purified water, gastric fluid, with Yellow 4 in intestinal fluid fitted the Langmuir equation. With decrease of the alcohol content of aqueous solutions, the adsorption of coloring food additives is increased, but it decreased in high temperature. Also the activation energy of adsorption of coloring food additives by active carbon was determined.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1095-1101
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• 2008

Nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPL) are the continuous source for soil and groundwater contamination. The first objective of the study was to verify the effect of co-injection of cosolvent and air on NAPL removal from soil-column system. The second objective of the study was to investigate the effect of alcohol-partitioning property on the NAPL removal by the co-injection process of cosolvent and air. Enhanced removal of benzene-NAPL by the co-injection process of ethanol and air was also verified within the soilcolumn system. However, the co-injection process of Tert-butanol (TBA) and air showed no enhancement of benzene-NAPL removal. This study found that the viscous pressure of TBA was so higher than the capillary pressure and TBA easily displaced the benzene-NAPL and air present in soil pores. Air of the coinjection process did not work for NAPL removal but hindered NAPL mobilization. NAPL partitioning property and viscous pressure of cosovlent should be considered for application of the co-injection process of cosolvent and air.

• The Journal of Engineering Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.97-109
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• 2004

The synthesis and crystal structure of amorphous calcium carbonate obtained from gas-liquid reaction of CaO-$C_2 H_5 OH$-$CO_2$ system according to change of added amount of calcium oxide by blowing $CO_2$ gas and reaction time using ethanol and ethylene glycol were investigated by electric conductivity, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. The powdery or gelatinous phases were prepared by passing $CO_2$ gas at a flow rate of 1$\ell$/min into the suspensions containing 10~40g of CaO in mixing solutions 900ml of $C_2 H_5 OH$- and 100ml of ethylene glycol. By rapid filtration and drying the both phases at $60^{\circ}C$ under reduced pressure, the phases converted to the spherical vaterite and amorphous phase. The stable phase of amorphous calcium carbonate(ACC) was formed in the region pH 7-9 but the formation regions of amorphous phase were remarkably affected by pH in the mother liquor. It seems that a part of ACC changed into chain calcite as an intermediate products. The initial reactants prior to the formation of precipitated calcium carbonate is ACC. And ACC is unstable in the aqueous solution and crystallizes finally to calcite by the through-solution reaction. Especially ACC was produced or gelatinous phase which precipitated from the reaction of CaO-$C_2 H_5 OH$-$CO_2$ system.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.585-590
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• 2016

In this study, the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of aqueous ethanolic extract from the immature fruits of Malus pumila cv. Fuji were evaluated. The antioxidant capacities of the extract was investigated employing radical scavenging assays using DPPH and $ABTS^+$ radicals. The skin-whitening effect of M. pumila cv. Fuji extract was tested using mushroom tyrosinase assay. In addition, the total phenolic content was measured by a spectrophotometric analysis. All tested samples showed a dose-dependent radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Among the tested samples, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble portion from the immature fruits of M. pumila cv. Fuji was showed the significant DPPH and $ABTS^+$ radicals scavenging activities. Also, the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble portion from immature apples was higher than other solvent-soluble portion. These results suggest that unripe fruits of M. pumila cv. Fuji could be considered as a new valuable source of natural antioxidant and skin-whitening agents. Systematic investigation of immature fruits of Malus pumila cv. Fuji will be performed for the further development of its biological properties.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.250-255
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• 2011

As part of our continuing search for novel bioactive natural products, antioxidant and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities of the aqueous ethanolic extract of Polygonum aviculare were investigated. In addition, the total phenolic content was quantified by a spectrophotometric method. The antioxidant properties of the extract were evaluated by radical scavenging assays such as DPPH and $ABTS^+$ radicals. The anti-obesity efficacy of P. aviculare extract was tested by porcine pancreatic lipase assay. All tested samples showed a dose-dependent pancreatic lipase inhibitory and radical scavenging activities. In terms of the $IC_{50}$ value, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) soluble portion was most potent than other solvent soluble portions. The results suggested that P. aviculare could be considered as a new potential source of natural antioxidant and anti-obesity agent for food, nutraceutical, cosmetics industries.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.spc1
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• pp.181-186
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to know the appropriate methods for extraction and determination of rutin contained buckwheat plants. The efficient HPLC analytical condition of rutin contained buckwheat plants was developed. The gradient elution employed a $250mm\times4.6mm$ i.d. Tosoh ODS 120T column. The gradient system was used two mobile phases. A gradient elution was performed with mobile phase A, consisting of $2\%$ Acetic $acid-45\%$ Acetonitrile, and mobile phase B, comprising $2\%$ aqueous acetic acid, and delivered at a flow rate of 1mL/min as follows: 0-18 min, $50-100\%$ A; 18-20 min, $100-50\%$ A; 20-22 min, $50\%$ A. The UV detection wavelength was set at 355 nm. The limit of detection (LOD) for rutin standard compound was 20 ng/mL. And, the higher content of rutin in the extracts was obtained by $80^{\circ}C$ reflex extraction for 120 min. from plants of buckwheat using ethanol.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.381-388
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• 2014

The antioxidant activities of extracts from Rubus coreanus Miquel (black raspberry) and Morus alba L. (mulberry) fruits were investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay, and reducing power assay. Aqueous mixtures of ethanol, methanol, and acetone were analyzed in order to determine the most effective extraction solvent for the two fruits. Black raspberry and mulberry extracts with the 60:40 acetone-water mixtures (v/v) showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activities (56.2 and 85.2%, respectively) compared to the other extraction solvents. The 60% acetone extract was finally selected as an extraction solvent and then sequentially fractionated according to solvent polarity. Among the fractions of the two fruits, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity as well as total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. In addition, there were high correlation coefficients between antioxidant activities and their contents. The $EC_{50}$ value of the ethyl acetate fraction from mulberry fruit was 2.2 times lower than that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in DPPH assay. The major phenolic acid and anthocyanin of the two fruits were protocatechuic acid and cyanidin-3-glucoside, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.93-105
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• 1990

Semicarbazone formation of nine monosubstituted benzaldehydes was studied kinetically in 20% methanol buffer solution at 15, 25, 35, and $45^{circ}C$. The rate of p-nitrobenzaldehyde semicarbazone formation is 2.7 times as fast as that of benzaldehyde, while p-hvdroxybenzaldehyde is 3.6 times as slow as that of benzaldehyde. Activation energies for p-chlorobenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde, p-methylbenzaldehyde, p-methoxybenzaldshyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde semicarbazone formation are calculated as 5.80, 6.19, 6.57, 7.06, 8.03, and 6.46 kcal/mol respectively. It is concluded from the effect of ionic strength that the reaction is affected by not ions but neutral molecules involving hydrogen bonding between oxygen atom of carbonyl group and hydrogen atom of acid-catalyst, and concerted attack of the necleophilic reagent, free base on carbonyl compound. Also, the effect of solvent composition is small in 20% and 50% methanol (and ethanol) aqueous solutions. The ${\rho}-{\sigma}$ plots for the rates of semicarbazone formation at pH 7.1 show a linear ${\rho}-{\sigma}$ relationship (${\rho}=0.14l$, in contrast to that at pH 2.75 and pH 5.4 corresponding to ${\rho}-{\sigma}$ correlations reparted by Jencks. The rate of semicarbazone formation at pH 5.4 show a relationship which is convex upward, resulting in a break in the curve but at pH 2.75, slight difference from a linear relationship. As a result of studying citric acid catalysis, second-order rate constants increase linearly with citric acid concentration and show a 2 times increase as the catalyst concentration is varied from 0.025 to 0.1 mol/1 at pH 2,9, but slight increase at pH 5.3. The rate-determining step is addition below pH 5 but is dehydration between pH 5 and 7. Conclusively, the rate-determining step of the reaction changes from dehydration to addition in respect to hydrogen ion activity near pH 5. The ortho: para rate ratio of the hydroxybenzaldehydes for semicarbazone formation is about 17 at $15^{\circ}C$. It is concluded that the results constitute strong evidence in favor of greater stabilization of p- than o-hydroxybenzaldehyde by substituent which donate electrons by resonance and is due to hydrogen bonding between the carbon-bound hydrogen of the-CHO group and the oxygen atom of the substituent.