• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.740-746
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• 2009

In the present study, the drowning-out crystallization of L(+)-calcium lactate was investigated in order to develop the crystallization separation process. The crystallization of the calcium lactate was induced by injecting the alcoholic anti-solvent into the aqueous solution of calcium lactate and the control of the calcium lactate crystal size during the crystallization was primarily investigated under the consideration of the anti-solvent species, anti-solvent composition and agitation speed as the key operating factors. Alcohols of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and i-propanol were used as the anti-solvent for the drowning-out crystallization. Prior to the crystallization experiment, the solubility of calcium lactate in the water-alcohol mixture was measured along with the variation of the alcohol species and composition, which was necessary to estimate the supersaturation level of the crystallization. By the drowning-out crystallization, the calcium lactate crystals of the fabric shape were obtained. Using the ethanol as the antisolvent, the fabric crystals close to the needle shape were produced. However, the hairy crystals were obtained by using the propanol as the anti-solvent. Due to such morphological features, the crystals was highly apt to form the aggregates. The aggregation of the crystals was intensified as increasing the alcohol fraction in the water-alcohol mixture. Meanwhile, the agitation caused the breakage of crystals, resulting in the decrease of the crystal size. Therefore, the crystal size in the crystallization was predominantly determined by the competition between the crystal aggregation and breakage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1139-1144
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using Pueraria flos as natural health food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of general and antioxidative nutrients of Pueraria flos a were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash were 69.2%, 19.9%, 2.2% and 8.9%, respectively, and calories was 340.4 kcal. Total dietary fiber was 85.1% of total carbohydrates. The percentages of water soluble dietary fiber to insoluble dietary fiber were 12.0% and 46.7%, respectively. The protein contained 18 different kinds of amino acids. The contents of essential and non-essential amino acids were 5.0 g and 6.7 g. The Ca was the largest mineral followed by K, Mg, and P, which means Pueraria flos is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 25.37%, 33.61% and 35.68%, respectively. Therefore, the amount of the total unsaturated fatty acid was higher than that of any other plant. The antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol extract and fractions of the Pueraria flos has been determined by the scavenging of the stable radical DPPH; the result showed that the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active, as the amount required for 50% reduction of DPPH after 30 mins ($RC_{50}$) was 109.9 ${\mu}g$, followed by 70% ethanol extract (217.3 ${\mu}g$), hexane fraction (134.5 ${\mu}g$), chloroform (116.7 ${\mu}g$), butanol faction (129.8 ${\mu}g$) and aqueous fraction (473.5 ${\mu}g$).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.147-151
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• 1994

Hydrogen donating activities(HDA) of solvent extracts of Hololeion maximowiczii roots which were treated with freeze drying, hot air drying and hot air drying after steam blanching were investigated by the method of ${\alpha},{\alpha}'$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH). Hydrogen donating activity of hot air drying after steam blanching group showed the highest activity among three drying methods. Among the extracts of freeze dried root extracted with various solvents, color intensity at 420 nm of aqueous extract was highest, but hydrogen donating activity was shown in order of 50%, ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, water extracts. By heating the powder of freeze dried root at $100^{\circ}C$, color intensity of its water extract was decreased until 20 min, thereafter it was increased slowly but hydrogen donating activity was rapidly increased until 30 min. Hydrogen donating activity at the concentration of 6.05 mg/ml of 50% alcohol extract was similar to that of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ at the concentration of $2{\times}10^{-4}M$. Comparison of hydrogen donating activity of the inner and outer solution after dialysis of water extract showed that the outer solution had a stronger hydrogen donating activity than those of the inner one.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.255-260
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• 1992

A procedure for spectrophotometric determination of traces of phosphorus(P) in high-purity trichlorosilane(TCS) is proposed using an adsorptive separation. $PCl_3$, which is a dominant P impurity within TCS, is first oxidized by oxygen to a stable form as $POCl_3$. $AlCl_3$ is selected as an adsorbent which forms a thermally stable complex with $POCl_3$ in TCS and can be well dissolved in aqueous ethanol solution. The proposed adsorptive separation method is free from the formation of silica gel and gas bubbles during the colorimetric analysis of TCS. The method reveals that the P concentration in a semiconductor-grade TCS is 5.32 ${\mi}g/l$ within the standard deviation of ${\pm}$ 17%. On the other hand, the P concentration of the purified TCS which is separated from the $AlCl_3$${\cdot}$$POCl_3$ complex is reduced to be less than 0.15 ${\mi}g/l$, showing the efficient applicability of $AlCl_3$ to the wet chemical analysis. The proposed method is also tested to verify the effectiveness of other well-known adsorbents.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1553-1561
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• 2009

This study investigated the biological activities and chemical characteristics of Monascus-fermented Korean red ginseng (MFRG). The comparative activities of water, ethanol, and methanol extracts from MFRGE and Korean red ginseng (RG) were tested in vitro of anti-oxidative models of linoleic acid peroxidation by thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods and DPPH ($\alpha,\alpha'$-diphenyl-$\beta$-picrylhydrazyl)radical scavenging activities. In addition, measurements of their bioactive total phenolic compounds and minerals, and extract yield, were obtained. The extract yield of each solvent extracted from MFRG and RG was aqueous by 6.58% and 5.83%, ethanol by 0.62% and 0.98%, and methanol by 1.27% and 3.04%, respectively. Total phenolic compounds were higher in all solvents extracted from MFRG than those from RG. Major mineral contents (ppm) of MFRG and RG were K by 16,936 and 22,386, Ca by 2,310 and 3,693, Mg by 2,703 and 2,647, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activities were higher in all solvents extracted from MFRG than those from RG, however, all these extracts exhibited a relatively low level of radical-scavenging activity compared to the butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). In antioxidative activities determined by TBA method using linoleic acid peroxidation, 70% methanol extract from MFRG and RG showed the highest antioxidative activity at a concentration of 0.1%. These results may provide the basic data to understand the biological activities of bio-active materials derived from MFRG.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.873-879
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• 2014

The constituents from the needles of the pine tree, Pinus densiflora, were purified and investigated for antithrombotic activity. The needles were initially extracted three times with 70% ethanol, and the extract was sequentially fractionated with chloroform and n-butanol. The aqueous layer formed after n-butanol fractionation was subjected to purification by medium pressure and high pressure liquid chromatography. The two neolignans, 2, 3-dihydro-7-hydroxyl-3-hydroxymethyl-2-(4'-hydroxyl -3-methoxyphenyl)-5-benzofuranpropanol-3-O-${\alpha}$-rhamnopyranoside (a neolignan glycoside) and 2, 3-dihyro-3-hydroxymethyl-7-methoxy-2-(4'-hydroxyphenyl-3'-methoxy)-5-benxofuran propanol 4'-O-${\alpha}$-rhamnopyranoside (icariside $E_4$) were identified by $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectra. The effect of the purified compounds, the neolignan glycoside and icariside $E_4$ on thrombin inhibition were investigated by measuring thrombin clotting time in plasma. As a result, the clotting of the neolignan glycoside was delayed four times compared to that of icariside $E_4$. In addition, an analysis of the inhibition effect by changing the concentration showed that the clotting time was delayed in accordance with an increase in the concentration of the neolignan glycoside. Furthermore, we examined the interaction of thrombin and fibrinogen to clarify the action mechanism. As a result, the delay of clotting time in the response of thrombin and pure fibrinogen may indicate that neolignan glycosides inhibit the thrombin action in a direct manner, leading to the suppression of fibrin generation.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2013

The roots of Brassica rapa ssp. were extracted with 95% aqueous ethanol and the concentrated extracts were partitioned using ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butyl alcohol and $H_2O$, successively. From the EtOAc fraction, five flavonoids were isolated through repeated silica gel and octadecyl silica gel (ODS) column chromatography (c.c.). Based on NMR, mass spectrometry (MS) and IR spectroscopic data, the chemical structures of the compounds were determined to be licochalcone A (1), 4,4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxychalcone (2), liquirtigenin (3), liquiritin (4), and isoliquiritin (5). This is the first report of these compounds isolated from the root of this plant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.274-279
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• 2009

The levels of minerals, amino acids, fatty acids and sugars and antioxidant capacity of Adenophora triphylla (AT) root were investigated. The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash and carbohydrate contents of the AT root were $3.4{\pm}0.3,\;9.4{\pm}0.1,\;1.6{\pm}0.1,\;3.7{\pm}0.2$, and $81.9{\pm}0.5$, respectively. Among the minerals present in root, potassium content was the highest. Total amino acid contents were $103.5{\pm}9.1$ mg/g. Palmitic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in AT root. The vitamin E and C levels in AT root were $1.1{\pm}0.1$ and $5.2{\pm}0.5$ mg/100 g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol extract and fractions of the AT root has been determined by the scavenging of the stable radical DPPH; the result showed that the chloroform fraction was the most active, as the amount required for 50% reduction of DPPH after 30 min ($RC_{50}$) was $103.7{\mu}g$, followed by 70% ethanol extract ($265.4{\mu}g$), hexane fraction ($104.4{\mu}g$), ethyl acetate fraction ($104.4{\mu}g$), butanol fraction ($108.9{\mu}g$) and aqueous fraction ($484.1{\mu}g$).

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2008

In order to investigate the potential of a Angelica keiskei Koidzumi extract and its fractions as an active ingredient for whitening cosmetics, we prepared Angelica keiskei Koidzumi extract(70% ethanol), and the aqueous suspension was successively extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate(EA), and n-butanol fraction. We measured their inhibitory effects on mushroom tyrosinase and melanin synthesis in B16 melanoma cells and normal human kerationocytes in vitro. They did not show inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase and the melanin synthesis except hexane and EA fractions. Hexane and EA fractions markedly inhibited cellular tyrosinase activity at a lower concentration(25 and 5 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively) than arbutin(250 ${\mu}g/mL$). We also quantified the released amount of endothelin-1(ET-1), a mitogen of melanocyte, and interleukin-$1{\alpha}$(IL-$1{\alpha})$, a mediator of UVB-induced inflammation. Hexane and EA fractions did not affect IL-$1{\alpha}$ production, but they decreased UVB-induced ET-1 production in normal human keratinocytes in a dose dependant manner. As a result, hexane and EA fractions could inhibit the melanogenesis through the inhibition of UVB-induced ET-1 production in normal human keratinocytes. This result suggests that hexane and EA fractions of Angelica keiskei Koidzumi extract could be used as an active ingredient for cosmetics.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.1 s.32
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• pp.115-129
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was carried out to evaluate anti-oxidative, anti-microbial and anti-cancer effect for clinical application of Bibangtalmyungsan (BTS) Results : 1. The oxidative effects were measured by polyphenol, DPPH radical scavenging activity. BTS water extract was showed more effective than ethanol extract and also various solvent fractions from BTS water extract showed effective in the following order : ethyl acetate fraction > butanol fraction > hexane fraction ${\fallingdotseq}$ chloroform fraction ${\fallingdotseq}$ aqueous fraction 2. The results of anti-microbial effects were as follows. 1) Antibacterial activities of BTS extracts against Gram's negative and positive bacteria were ineffective 2) Antifungal activities of the BTS extracts against Aspergillus spp. , Trichohyton mentagrophyte KTCC 1077 were not effective. 3. The result of anti-cancer effects were as followings: 1) BTS ethanol extract was more effective than water extract against Caco-2, Calu-6, but it had cytotoxic effect against NIH3T3. 2) On the Caco-2, effective only in ethyl acetate $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 35.81 ${\mu}g/ml)$. 3) On the Calu-6, the most effective in ethyl acetate $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 189.65 ${\mu}g/ml)$ and effective In butanol $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 299.74 ${\mu}g/ml)$ and hexane $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 345.13 ${\mu}g/ml)$ 4) On the SUN-601, $IC_{50}$ value was within 80 ${\mu}g/ml$ in ethyl acetate fraction and hexane fraction. 5) On the HCT-1l6, the most effective in ethyl acetate $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 82.94 ${\mu}g/ml)$ and effective in hexane $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 374.56 ${\mu}g/ml)$. 6) On the AML-2/WT, the most effective in ethyl acetate $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 41.44 ${\mu}g/ml)$ and effective In hexane $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 303.01 ${\mu}g/ml)$. 7) On the NIH3T3, effective only in ethyl acetate $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 203.42 ${\mu}g/ml)$, but it was more ineffective than other cancer cells. Conclusion : These result suggest that BTS has antioxidative, antifungal activities and cytotoxic effects against Caco-2, Calu-6, SUN-601, HCT-116, AML-2/WT and NIH3T3, especially ethyl acetate fraction from water extract has more effective in antioxidative and anticancer effects.