• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.659-672
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• 1994

Four simple plotting techniques using the distribution of individuals among species were applied and the results discussed to evaluate the methods for detecting organic pollution-induced perturbation in marine benthic communities in Chinhae Bay, Korea: Rarefaction method, Abundance-Biomass Comparison method, Log-Normal Distribution method and Rank-Frequency Diagram method. Their distribution curves offered more information on the community structure than other frequently used diversity indices and distinguished clear evidence of an effect of environmental pollution with gradient. However, the Abundance-Biomass Comparison method could not be considered applicable due to the presence of larger slowly growing K-strategists in a polluted area of the inner Chinhae Bay, Korea.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.743-748
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• 2003

An oil boom was set up in order to contain diffused oil from spills and for the retrenchment of damage caused by oil Pollution. Therefore, the oil boom anchor needed proper holding power to endure high resistance from flowing streams and to secure the oil boom around the spill, and must dredge directly into the seabed when it is dropped and block oil outflow immediately. This study investigated the holding power of the danforth anchor and the coastal fishing vessel anchor used for oil booms in the KMPRC (Korea Marine Pollution Response Corporation). For each type, a 30 kg and 20 kg anchor were used. The holding power of the danforth anchors were measured by dropping both weights 10 times. However the coastal fishing vessel anchors were dropped only 5 times each, because no substantial differences were found between drops. In the results of the danforth anchors, an anchor awoke occurred in 2 drops of the 30 kg anchor and in 4 drops of the 20 kg anchor, wherein there was no holding power to be measured. With exception to the anchor awoke cases, the maximum holding power of the danforth 30 kg and 20 kg anchors was 250-520 kg and 123-233 kg, respectively. In the case of the coastal fishing vessel anchors of 30 kg and 20 kg, throughout the experiment, there was no occurrence of an anchor awoke. For the 30 kg and 20 kg anchors, the maximum holding power was measured to be 209-230 kg and 155-170 kg, respectively. Therefore, the holding power of the coastal fishing vessel anchor was shown to be much poorer than that of the danforth anchor. However, the holding power of the danforth anchor was very unstable. Due to the occurrences of anchor awoke, there was no holding power and the measurement value of maximum holding power showed too much variation among the drop tests. Also, after the maximum holding power was achieved, anchor awoke occurred easily. In the case of the coastal fishing vessel anchor was much more stabile, because there was no anchor awoke and no instance where holding power failed. Also the maximum holding power was reached quickly and almost no variation occurred among the drop tests.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.241-250
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• 2012

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), butyltins (BTs), nonylphenol (NP), and fecal sterols concentrations in sediments were investigated from Gunsan coast of Korea to evaluate organic pollution from anthropogenic activities. Sediment toxicity was also examined by bacterial bioluminescence toxicity test (Vibrio fischeri). The concentrations of 16 PAHs in sediments ranged from 67.9 to 425 ng/g dry wt; BTs ranged from 2.79 to 14.1 ng Sn/g dry wt; NP ranged from 20.7 to 2171 ng/g dry wt; and coprostanol, a fecal sterol, ranged from 7.60 to 245 ng/g dry wt. Effective concentration 50% ($EC_{50}$) of sediments ranged from 0.38 to 23.8 mg/mL. Most of the chemicals were present at levels lower than or comparable to the previously reported values from Korea. However, NP levels in the present study were in the high range of levels reported from the Korean coast, and 40% of the measured samples exceeded screening and ecotoxicological values of NP suggested by the Netherlands and Canada. This suggests that an ongoing source of NP is a serious concern in the Gunsan coast. High levels of contaminants were found in the proximity of potential sources, such as the outfall of a wastewater treatment plant for NP, an anthracite-fired power plant for PAHs, and ports for BTs, fecal sterols, and sediment toxicity. This indicates that Gunsan coast has various potential sources of marine sediment contaminants.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.438-448
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• 2023

The concentrations of trace metals and organic matters in marine sediments collected from southeast Korean coastal areas were investigated. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the contamination status, spatial distribution and potential ecological risks associated with the physiochemical composition in the studied areas. We found that the concentrations of trace metals in marine sediments were as follows: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Hg. According to the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) of Korea, concentrations of Zn, Cr, Cu and Cd at all sampling sites were below threshold effect levels (TEL). However, concentrations of As, Hg, and Pb (i.e., at the 94-98% of sampling sites), were below the TEL. In addition, concentration factors (CF) in the surveyed area were found to be associated with low ecological risks, whereas As, Hg, and Cu showed moderate to high risk levels in some inner parts of the studied bays. Finally, the pollution load index (PLI) and ecological risk index (ERI) of the elucidated metals were linked to moderate ecological risk, pointing to the possibility of being deleterious to some benthic organisms.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.268-275
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• 2004

To investigate the potential application of the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay to carp as an aquatic pollution monitoring technique, gill, liver, and blood cells were isolated from carp exposed to a direct-acting mutagen, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), or indirect mutagen, $benzo[\alpha]pyrene$ $(B[\alpha]P)$, then the DNA strand breakage was analyzed using the assay. Based on testing 5 different cell isolation methods and 6 electrophoretic conditions, the optimized assay conditions were found to be cell isolation by filter pressing and electrophoresis at a lower voltage and longer running time (at 0.4 V/cm for 40 min). In preliminary experiments, gill and liver cells isolated from carp exposed to MNNG in vitro exhibited DNA damage signals even with 0.5 ppb exposure, which is a much higher dose than previously reported. In the gill cells isolated from carp exposed to 0.01-0.5 ppm MNNG in vivo, significant dose-and time-dependent increases were observed in the tail for 4 days. As such, the linear correlation between the relative damage index (RDI) values and time for each dose based on the initial 48-h exposure appeared to provide effective criteria for the genotoxicity monitoring of direct-acting mutagenic pollution. In contrast, the in vivo exposure of carp to 0.25-1.0 ppm of $B[\alpha]P$ for 7 days resulted in dose-and time-dependent responses in the liver cells, in which 24-h delayed responses for metabolizing activation and gradual repair after 48 h were also observed. Thus, the negative-sloped linear correlation between the RDI and time at each dose based on the initial 48 h appeared to provide more effective criteria for the genotoxicity monitoring of indirect mutagenic pollution.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.244-250
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• 2022

The changes in COD, TOC, T-P, and T-N concentrations were investigated for 2 years in the constructed wetland of Sookcheon, which was installed to improve the water quality of Daecheong reservoir in South Korea. In order to evaluate the pollution level of sediments in the wetland, settling velocity of particulate material (4 times) and sedimet material contents (6 times) were measured. COD and TOC concentrations increased slightly as they passed through wetlands, and T-N and T-P concentration tended to decrease. The material content (COD, T-P, T-N) of aquatic plants was higher in floating-leaved and free-floating macrophytes than emergent macrophytes. As a result of measuring the sedimentation rate of suspended materials, most of the suspended materials introduced into constructed wetlands were sedimented at a rapid rate in the first sedimentation site. In addition, sediment pollution of T-P and T-N in constructed wetland was in severe pollution. The sediments containing a large amount of T-P and T-N were eluted by physical and chemical environmental changes, which is likely to act as internal pollution sources in wetlands.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 2015

Ecological reservoir is a multifunctional space where provides the functions of retention, animal habitat and improvement of ecosystem health and landscape. The ecological reservoir of Anteo Eco Park located in Gwangmyeong-si has established to functions for water purification, maintenance of healthy aquatic ecosystem. Because the Anteo Eco Park is located in the site where nonpoint pollutant materials flow in, Anteo Eco Park has potential factors which aquatic ecosystem health deteriorates and damages the habitat of golden frog(Rana plancyi chosenica) which is restoration target species. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to suggest the plan to manage the variables which impede the right functions of aquatic ecosystem by understanding the causal loop diagram for the change of water quality environment and the interaction of predator-prey through system thinking. The results are as follows. First, the study showed that the individual number of golden frog which is an indicator species of Anteo Eco Park is threatened by snakeheaded fish, which is an upper predator. Therefore, balanced food chain should be hold to protect golden frog by capturing the snakeheaded fish which is individual number's density is high, and the monitoring management of the individual number for predator(snakeheaded fish)-prey(golden frog) should be performed. Second, the study represented that water pollution and carnification is caused by the sediment as the dead body of the large emergent vegetation in the winter cumulates as sediment. Ecological reservoir in Anteo Eco Park has been managed by eliminating the dead body of the large emergent vegetation, but the guideline for the proper density maintenance of vegetation community is additionally needed. Lastly, the study showed that aquatic ecosystem of Anteo Eco Park where is contaminated from the inflow of nonpoint pollutants affects the individual number's decline of golden frog and snakeheaded fish. Accordingly, the creation of a buffer area and a substitution wetland is needed in the periphery of the Anteo Eco Park to control the inflow of nonpoint pollutants including organic matters, nutrients and heavy metals. This study will be helpful that Anteo Eco Park improves the regional landscape and maintain healthy aquatic ecosystem space for the park visitors including local residents.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.244-250
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• 2020

Microplastic pollution in the marine ecosystem has been emerged as a global issue. In this study, we investigated the abundance of microplastics from clam Meretrix lusoria, blood arkshell Scapharca broughtonii, and warty sea squirt Styela clava obtained from a local market in Busan, Korea. The marine organisms were digested in 10% KOH, and were incubated at 40℃ and 150 rpm, for 7 days. The digest was filtered through standard sieve (5 mm, 1 mm, 300 ㎛, and 100 ㎛), and mciroplastics were identified using a light microscope and microFT-IR. The abundance of microplastics of clam, blood arkshell, warty sea squirt was 0.08 items/g, 0.05 items/g, and 0.12 items/g, respectively. The predominant microplastic size was in the range of 100-300 ㎛, occupying 48%, and the predominant type was fiber. The composition of microplastics was mostly rayon, semi-synthetic cellulosic material and polyester, which are main component of fabric and textile. We strongly believe that this preliminary work may provide useful information for the establishment of the standardized analysis method of microplastics ingested by marine organisms.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.330-336
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• 2016

Pollution caused by fecal solids released from recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) is a growing global concern requiring immediate attention. Thus, this study investigated the physicochemical characteristics of fecal solid feed from RASs used for eel and rainbow trout farming. The concentrations of proteins, lipids, crude ash, and moisture in eel fecal solids were 10.9%, 1.2%, 85.8%, and 72.2%, respectively, while those in rainbow trout fecal solid feed were 20.5%, 3.2%, 70.9%, and 87.0%, respectively. The control group was fed a mixture of sea cucumber and dried sea mud. The protein digestibilities of eel and rainbow trout fecal solids were 25.43% and 23.96%, respectively, while the respective lipid digestibilities were 35.62% and 36.80%, respectively.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 2010

We investigated the benthic polychaete assemblage in Gwangyang Bay and Yeosu Sound in February 1997. The sediment was an almost entirely muddy facies. The benthic macrofauna comprised 295 species occurring at a mean density of 875 $indiv./m^2$. Polychaetes were the major faunal component; there were 94 species at mean density 765 $indiv./m^2$. The highest abundance and species richness occurred in the Myodo south and north channels, in the mouth of Gwangyang Bay, and in the Noryang channel mouth. The most abundant polychaete was Tharyx sp. (47.9%), followed in rank order by Heteromastus filiformis (9.6%), Melinna cristata (9.3%), and Lumbrineris longifolia (7.3%). Cluster analysis divided the study area into four station groups based on station similarities in benthic polychaete assemblages: the Glycinde-Prionospio cluster in the western inner bay, the H. filiformis cluster in the middle inner bay, the Melinna-Lumbrineris cluster in the Myodo south-north channel, and the Tharyx cluster in the eastern main channel region. The sediment type of Gwangyang Bay has changed gradually from sandy to muddy. Dominant species have also changed from Chone teres and Lagis bocki to Tharyx sp., which is a potential organic pollution indicator.