• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.16 no.3_spc
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• pp.259-265
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• 2024

In order to improve the SW convergence capabilities of university undergraduate students, methods to evaluate undergraduate students' code design capabilities should be researched along with the development of related courses. In previous studies, there were qualitative evaluation methods and quantitative relative evaluation methods for code results. In the quantitative relative evaluation method, the number of problem decomposition depth, number of function reuses, and number of functions were measured and evaluated. In this study, an evaluation method that was not presented in previous studies was proposed using the problem of presenting the number of input and output information types when designing code. The evaluation problems proposed in this paper applied up to three types of input information and three types of output information. Through this, five code design evaluation questions were presented and a method to quantitatively calculate code design scores was proposed. Codes from 100 student respondents were collected and analyzed through courses that applied the proposed evaluation method. Through result analysis, the number of problem decomposition depths was proportional to the number of types of input information, the number of function reuses was proportional to the number of types of output information, and the number of functions showed a correlation that was proportional to the total number of types of input and output information. Lastly, by analyzing the distribution of evaluation scores of 100 respondents, we demonstrated that the code design evaluation method according to the five input/output information condition evaluation problems is effective.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.125-148
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• 2009

UGC(User Generated Contents) is emerging as the center of e-business in the web 2.0 era. The trend reflects changing roles of users in production and consumption of contents on websites and helps us to understand new strategies of websites such as web portals and social network websites. Nowadays, we consume contents created by other non-professional users for both utilitarian (e.g., knowledge) and hedonic values (e.g., fun). Also, contents produced by ourselves (e.g., photo, video) are posted on websites so that our friends, family, and even the public can consume those contents. This means that non-professionals, who used to be passive audience in the past, are now creating contents and share their UGCs with others in the Web. Accessible media, tools, and applications have also reduced difficulty and complexity in the process of creating contents. Realizing that users create plenty of materials which are very interesting to other people, media companies (i.e., web portals and social networking websites) are adjusting their strategies and business models accordingly. Increased demand of UGC may lead to website visits which are the source of benefits from advertising. Therefore, they put more efforts into making their websites open platforms where UGCs can be created and shared among users without technical and methodological difficulties. Many websites have increasingly adopted new technologies such as RSS and openAPI. Some have even changed the structure of web pages so that UGC can be seen several times to more visitors. This mainstream of UGCs on websites indicates that acquiring more UGCs and supporting participating users have become important things to media companies. Although those companies need to understand why general users have shown increasing interest in creating and posting contents and what is important to them in the process of productions, few research results exist in this area to address these issues. Also, behavioral process in creating video UGCs has not been explored enough for the public to fully understand it. With a solid theoretical background (i.e., theory of implementation intentions), parts of our proposed research model mirror the process of user behaviors in creating video contents, which consist of intention to upload, intention to edit, edit, and upload. In addition, in order to explain how those behavioral intentions are developed, we investigated influences of antecedents from three motivational perspectives (i.e., intrinsic, editing software-oriented, and website's network effect-oriented). First, from the intrinsic motivation perspective, we studied the roles of self-expression, enjoyment, and social attention in forming intention to edit with preferred editing software or in forming intention to upload video contents to preferred websites. Second, we explored the roles of editing software for non-professionals to edit video contents, in terms of how it makes production process easier and how it is useful in the process. Finally, from the website characteristic-oriented perspective, we investigated the role of a website's network externality as an antecedent of users' intention to upload to preferred websites. The rationale is that posting UGCs on websites are basically social-oriented behaviors; thus, users prefer a website with the high level of network externality for contents uploading. This study adopted a longitudinal research design; we emailed recipients twice with different questionnaires. Guided by invitation email including a link to web survey page, respondents answered most of questions except edit and upload at the first survey. They were asked to provide information about UGC editing software they mainly used and preferred website to upload edited contents, and then asked to answer related questions. For example, before answering questions regarding network externality, they individually had to declare the name of the website to which they would be willing to upload. At the end of the first survey, we asked if they agreed to participate in the corresponding survey in a month. During twenty days, 333 complete responses were gathered in the first survey. One month later, we emailed those recipients to ask for participation in the second survey. 185 of the 333 recipients (about 56 percentages) answered in the second survey. Personalized questionnaires were provided for them to remind the names of editing software and website that they reported in the first survey. They answered the degree of editing with the software and the degree of uploading video contents to the website for the past one month. To all recipients of the two surveys, exchange tickets for books (about 5,000~10,000 Korean Won) were provided according to the frequency of participations. PLS analysis shows that user behaviors in creating video contents are well explained by the theory of implementation intentions. In fact, intention to upload significantly influences intention to edit in the process of accomplishing the goal behavior, upload. These relationships show the behavioral process that has been unclear in users' creating video contents for uploading and also highlight important roles of editing in the process. Regarding the intrinsic motivations, the results illustrated that users are likely to edit their own video contents in order to express their own intrinsic traits such as thoughts and feelings. Also, their intention to upload contents in preferred website is formed because they want to attract much attention from others through contents reflecting themselves. This result well corresponds to the roles of the website characteristic, namely, network externality. Based on the PLS results, the network effect of a website has significant influence on users' intention to upload to the preferred website. This indicates that users with social attention motivations are likely to upload their video UGCs to a website whose network size is big enough to realize their motivations easily. Finally, regarding editing software characteristic-oriented motivations, making exclusively-provided editing software more user-friendly (i.e., easy of use, usefulness) plays an important role in leading to users' intention to edit. Our research contributes to both academic scholars and professionals. For researchers, our results show that the theory of implementation intentions is well applied to the video UGC context and very useful to explain the relationship between implementation intentions and goal behaviors. With the theory, this study theoretically and empirically confirmed that editing is a different and important behavior from uploading behavior, and we tested the behavioral process of ordinary users in creating video UGCs, focusing on significant motivational factors in each step. In addition, parts of our research model are also rooted in the solid theoretical background such as the technology acceptance model and the theory of network externality to explain the effects of UGC-related motivations. For practitioners, our results suggest that media companies need to restructure their websites so that users' needs for social interaction through UGC (e.g., self-expression, social attention) are well met. Also, we emphasize strategic importance of the network size of websites in leading non-professionals to upload video contents to the websites. Those websites need to find a way to utilize the network effects for acquiring more UGCs. Finally, we suggest that some ways to improve editing software be considered as a way to increase edit behavior which is a very important process leading to UGC uploading.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.35-56
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• 1994

This article was intended to survey whether Roy' Adapation model ('Roy Model') can be applied to family health assessment and to study whether application of the Roy Model to a Korean family is feasible. under the Roy Model, a family is viewed as an adaptation system having a series of process of input. process, feedback, and output. Further, the Roy Model indicates that a family contains Physiolosical, self-concept. role function and interdependent mode in respect of internal or external stimuli. In the event where the family health assessed, the adaptation mode of that family must be assess at the first stage. Then, the focal, contextual, residual stimuli affecting the family must be assessed. In 1984 Hanson suggested four types of family adaptation mode based upon the Roy Model and thereby enhanced the possibility for family health assessment. In order survey whether the Roy Model can be applied to the Korean family, the author of this article contracted adults of 169 who live in 'A' city to make open questions regarding family and then analyzed responses from them by utilizing Roy model. This study categorized family Adaptation mode based upon the' four types of family adaptation mode developed by Hanson. As a result of this study, family adaptation mode was categorized into 117 concepts. Those 117 concepts are consisted or Physiolosical mode of 47. self­concept mode of 56, role function mode of 9 and interdependent mode of 5. Further. stimuli affecting family were classified based upon Roy's definition as to three types of stimuli. Stimuli on a family are comprised focal stimuli concept of 19, contextual stimuli concepts of 19, one residual stimuli concept. this result implies that the Roy's Model can be applied to Korean family. Physiological mode shows meaning of survival. while self-concept mode reflects meaning of growth and emphasizes harmony among the family based on the familism. The role function mode shows continuity rather control of family member. By contrast, interdependent mode shows interaction with community to which the family belongs. but the degree of interaction does not appear too high. The analysis of family stimuli led this study to conclude that troubles within a family. changes in family structure and diease of family member generate stimuli. However, an application of the Roy Model contains the following problems: First, Roy argued that the family adaptation mode should be assessed at the first level family health assessment and then stimuli affecting family adaptation should be adaptation assessed at the second stage. To the belief of the author of this article. however, for checking family adaptation level. focal, contextual, residual stimuli should be confirmed by assessing stimuli at first stage. Then, the family adaptation mode in respect of such stimuli should be assessed. The rationale for this is that the family adaptation level is determined depending on degree of strength of focal. contextual. residual stimuli. Second. Whall (1991) raised a question 'Does one assess family adaptation mode and intervene in the stimuli?' 'Likewise, assessment of the family adaptation should be made in the following manner in order for family health to be enhanced. Third. Roy believes that additional stimuli (such as contextual and residual) are same as internal process (including nurturance. support, and socialization). However, the basis for this Roy's belief is not too clear. In spite of these problems which the author indicated above, it can be concluded that the Roy Model can serve as a good device for an assessment of family health and that the Roy Model can be applied to a Korean family. Finally, further research of family adaptation theory and family nursing theory is required for a development of these theories.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.67-87
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• 2006

This study is to recognize a problem in the practice of performance assessment in elementary school, and to find out some suggestive points for improvement of teaching·learning method in elementary mathematics through assessment by reducing time restriction according to assessment through the practice of self-assessment, peer-assessment and observation, and then by reflecting the results of assessment on teaching learning plan. For that, the questions of study set up are as follows ; 1. How should self-assessment and peer-assessment be applied to in elementary mathematics assessment? 2. How should the time for 'let's play an interesting game' be managed for assessment of elementary mathematics? 3. How should the results of assessment be reflected on the Process of teaching and learning of mathematics? To solve these problems, a researcher of this thesis performed self-assessment, peer-assessment on 40 students of second grade under her charge as a class teacher, and applied observation in the time management process for 'let's play an interesting game' for a semester. self-assessment was made by mathematics journal, self-assessment chart, peer-assessment was by the analysis of conversation record among students in the situations of assessment, and observation was by observation of activity when playing with the results data of play analyzed. the concrete methods of application as follows ; First, mathematics journal was applied $1{\sim}2$ times by each unit with reconstruction into the level of second grade on the basis of the preceding-study models. Second, peer-assessment was applied to the unit-assessment time and the play-activities time by the method of recording·analyzing the contents of conversation among students in the process of assessment. Third, mathematical attitude & dispositions of students making use of the self- assessment table were examined referring to the teaching learning plan. Fourth, the time management for 'let's play an interesting game' was made through the prior recognition of play method and the joyful play-activities by use of the play-plate. Assessment depended on analysis of play-activities results of students making use of an observation form. Fifth, the results of self-assessment, peer-assessment, and observation were analyzed, and then they were made use of as self-observation data, of teacher her/his self, or teaching·learning improvement data. Students' self-assessment datum (mathematics diary, self-assessment sheets, conversation contents in the process of assessment) and observation materials (check lists, Play-activity result materials, conversation contents in the process of play) obtained in the process of application was analyzed as follows ; 1. From the practice of self-assessment in form of mathematics journal, I could obtain not only datum showing how much students was understanding the learning aims by unit time and to any degree they reached but also information about their response to learning datum and favorable type of learning. 2. Assessment by self-assessment chart was useful in planning the mathematics teaching learning process because it helps ascertain mathematical attitude & dispositions of students. 3. Through the application of peer-assessment, students had the opportunity of communicating with other students looking back on his/her explaining process, and teachers could obtain basic materials for assessment of students. 4, In case of time management for 'let's play an interesting game', there was natural extension of play made through time-security by prior looking into the method of play-activity, and then, for a remained time, by making children play a new game. 5, I could easily record the activities of students by use of the observation. form, and make use of it as basic data for descriptive assessment. 6, Each kinds of data obtained from the results of assessment was helpful for securing self-observation materials in the process of teaching learning and for their betterment in mathematics subject. However, because they were in the second grade of elementary school and there was an individual difference, some students could not make use of mathematics diary or self-assessment form properly. In case of these students, assessment data would be obtained through interview or observation. And for effective operation of play, its purpose & method and matters that demand special attention when play-acting should be clearly guided. Also, when applying an effective play in addition to play activities in textbook, to lessons, interesting mathematics lessons could be guided.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.5
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• pp.365-373
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• 2007

Background: Smoking is one of the most important leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Smoking habit is recognized as nicotine dependence, which consists of physical and psychosocial dependence. To evaluate social nicotine dependence, the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) working group developed a new questionnaire, which consists of 10 questions with a total score of 30 in Japan. We examined the social nicotine dependence among healthy adults using the new KTSND questionnaire and evaluated validity of the KTSND questionnaire in Korea. Method: We applied Korean KTSND questionnaire version 2 to employees of hospital, university students and people for medical examination and promotion test. Complete data obtained from the 741 responders were analyzed. Result: The mean age of responders was 31.8 years. Among them, males were 57.8%. Current smokers, ex-smokers, and non-smokers were 13.8%, 12.8%, and 73.4% respectively. According to smoking status, the total KTSND scores of current smokers were significantly higher than those of ex-smokers, and of non-smokers ($17.1{\pm}5.4$ versus $14.3{\pm}5.5$, and $12.3{\pm}5.5$, $p{\leq}0.001$). The total KTSND scores of males were higher than those of females, suggesting that males have a propensity for depending nicotine socially much more than females ($14.3{\pm}5.7$ and $11.7{\pm}5.4$ respectively, p<0.001). Eight of ten questions produced significantly different scores among three different smoking groups. When current smokers were sub-classified by heavy smoking index (HSI) that represented physical nicotine dependence, we did not find a significant difference of KTSND score between low HSI group (<4) and high HSI group (${\geq}4$), This finding suggested that the psychosocial dependence might play a different role from physical nicotine dependence in smoking. Most of the non-smokers (62.5%) had an experience of harmful passive smoking especially in public place. Conclusion: Our study suggested that the KTSND questionnaire could be a useful method to evaluate psychosocial aspects of smoking.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.65-88
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• 2004

In general, empowerment is defined as the motivational concept of autonomy and self-efficacy. Recently, the concept of empowerment is applied to improve organizational staff's job satisfaction and organizational commitment in many organizations. Empower-ment in service organizations, i.e., hospitals, has certainly generated more publicity than any other organizations. The objectives of this study are, first, to measure the degree of hospital employees' empowerment using Spreitzer(1995)'s empowerment theory, second, to analyze the causal relationship of organizational and job characteristics, a degree of empowerment, and organizational performance(job satisfaction and organizational commitment), and third, to offer the strategy for the improvement of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Spreitzer insists that the empowerment is composed of 4 dimensions(meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact). And he argues that various work-related characteristics is a direct cause of empowerment and the indirect cause of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, mediated by the empowerment latent variable. In order to perform this study, data were collected by self-administered questionnaires from hospital employees working in administrative department of 3 university hospitals in Inchon and Kyunggi-Do region. The number of cases is 181(response rate; 86%). The Collected data were analyzed with SPSS Ver. 10.0 and AMOSV Ver. 4.0. First, to test validity of variables, the factor analysis was used. Second, to test reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficients was calculated. Cronbach's alpha of empowerment variable is 0.8323 showing that there's no problem in regard to the internal consistency. Also the Cronbach's alpha of other variables are 0.8301 of the degree of perceived control, 0.6705 of job characteristics, O.8787 of compensation, 0.9254 of job satisfaction, and 0.8389 of organizational commitment, respectively. Among the questions of job characteristics, two survey questions are deleted due to lowering the reliability. Third, to test multicollinearity and correlation of variables, the correlation analysis was performed. There was no problem of multicollinearity. Finally structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis was conducted to find the causal relationship of organizational and job Characteristics, empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The 16 variables are included for the SEM analysis. The major results of this study are as follows: First, in the case of model fitness, the condition of x$^2$ statistic(92.187) is not fully satisfied, but the indices of GFI(0.912), AGFI(0.863), NFI(0.917) and CFI(0.928) are partially satisfied, which needs to upper 0.90. Second, in the result of hypotheses testing, all hypotheses are accepted and have a positive effect in 95% or 99% confidence interval(P<0.05 or P<0.001) except the effect of compensation variable on empowerment(P=0.082). Third, in regard to the direct, indirect, and total effect of variables, the direct effect of perceived control, task characteristics, and compensation on job satisfaction are 0.728, 2.264, 0.328 and on organizational commitment are 0.094, 1.411, 0.418, respectively. Also the indirect effect of perceived control, task characteristics, and compensation on job satisfaction are 0.311, 0.196, 0.028 and on organizational commitment are 0.210, 0.132, 0.019, respectively. Thus, these findings imply that various work-related factors are direct effect of empowerment and indirect effect of result variables, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Also These results showed that the workplace empowerment is significant mediating factor of employee's job satisfaction and organizational commitment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.386-395
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• 2006

The core questions for determining nitrogen topdress rate (Npi) at panicle initiation stage (PIS) are 'how much nitrogen accumulation during the reproductive stage (PNup) is required for the target rice yield or protein content depending on the growth and nitrogen nutrition status at PIS?' and 'how can we diagnose the growth and nitrogen nutrition status easily at real time basis?'. To address these questions, two years experiments from 2001 to 2002 were done under various rates of basal, tillering, and panicle nitrogen fertilizer by employing a rice cultivar, Hwaseongbyeo. The response of grain yield and milled-rice protein content was quantified in relation to RVIgreen (green ratio vegetation index) and SPAD reading measured around PIS as indirect estimators for growth and nitrogen nutrition status, the regression models were formulated to predict PNup based on the growth and nitrogen nutrition status and Npi at PIS. Grain yield showed quadratic response to PNup, RVIgreen around PIS, and SPAD reading around PIS. The regression models to predict grain yield had a high determination coefficient of above 0.95. PNup for the maximum grain yield was estimated to be 9 to 13.5 kgN/10a within the range of RVIgreen around PIS of this experiment. decreasing with increasing RVIgreen and also to be 10 to 11 kgN/10a regardless of SPAD readings around PIS. At these PNup's the protein content of milled rice was estimated to rise above 9% that might degrade eating quality seriously Milled-rice protein content showed curve-linear increase with the increase of PNup, RVIgreen around PIS, and SPAD reading around PIS. The regression models to predict protein content had a high determination coefficient of above 0.91. PNup to control the milled-rice protein content below 7% was estimated as 6 to 8 kgN/10a within the range of RVIgreen and SPAD reading of this experiment, showing much lower values than those for the maximum grain yield. The recovery of the Npi applied at PIS ranged from 53 to 83%, increasing with the increased growth amount while decreasing with the increasing Npi. The natural nitrogen supply from PIS to harvest ranged from 2.5 to 4 kg/10a, showing quadratic relationship with the shoot dry weight or shoot nitrogen content at PIS. The regression models to estimate PNup was formulated using Npi and anyone of RVIgreen, shoot dry weight, and shoot nitrogen content at PIS as predictor variables. These models showed good fitness with determination coefficients of 0.86 to 0.95 The prescription method based on the above models predicting grain yield, protein content and PNup and its constraints were discussed.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.99-118
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• 2011

For this case study of gifted education, two classrooms in two locations, show life in general of the gifted educational system. And for this case study the identity of teachers and the gifted, help to activate the mathematically gifted education for these research questions, which are as followed: Firstly, how is the gifted education classroom life? Secondly, what kind of identity do the teachers and gifted students bring to mathematics, mathematics teaching and mathematics learning? Being selected in the gifted children's education center solves the research problem of characteristic and approach. Backed by the condition and the permission possibility, 2 selected classes and 2 people, which are coming and going. Gifted education classroom life, the identity of teachers and gifted students in mathematics and mathematics teaching and mathematic learning. It will be for 3 months, with various recordings and vocal instruction between teacher and students. Collected observations and interviews will be analyzed over the course of instruction. The results analyzed include, social participation, structure, and the formation of the gifted education classroom life. The organization of classes were analyzed by the classes conscious levels to collect and retain data. The classes verification levels depended on the program's first class incentive, teaching and learning levels and understanding of gifted math. A performance assessment will be applied after the final lesson and a consultation with parents and students after the final class. The six kinds of social participation structure come out of the type of the most important roles in gifted education accounts, for these types of group discussions and interactions, students must have an interaction or individual activity that students can use, such as a work product through the real materials, which release teachers and other students for that type of questions to evaluate. In order for the development of meaningful mathematical concepts to formulate, mathematical principles require problem solving among all students, which will appear in the resolution or it will be impossible to map the meaning of the instruction from which it was formed. These results show the analysis of the mathematics, mathematics teaching, mathematics learning and about the identity of the teachers and gifted. Gifted education teachers are defined by gifted math, which is more difficult and requires more differentiated learning, suitable for gifted students. Gifted was defined when higher level math was created and challenged students to deeper thinking. Gifted students think that gifted math is creative learning and they are forward or passive to one-way according to the education atmosphere.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.323-345
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• 2013

In this paper, problems with the Korean system regulating the use of university royalties are identified and investigated in order to suggest measures to improve the system in a way that provides a better R&D environment at universities. The Delphi technique was used to gather data from royalty specialists at universities and government ministries. The first Delphi survey conducted used open questions to identify problems in the use of university royalties. Then, closed questions were used for the second Delphi survey. The number of responses and the frequency of answers were analyzed after the first survey, and validity, stability, and reliability analyses were conducted for the second survey. The measures suggested to improve the system regulating the use of university royalties are as follows: First, bonuses for researchers, which are currently 50% or more of collected royalties, need to be decreased, as they are rather high compared to similar bonuses in developed countries, which are around 30% of collected royalties. The guideline for limiting the bonuses, which is explained as XX% or less of collected royalties, is suggested to prevent the excessive use of royalties. Second, rewards for those who contribute to technology transfer and commercialization should be increased. It is also important to build a consensus around the need to reward those who contribute to technology transfer and commercialization. Third, the scale of re-investment into R&D needs to increase. Regulations on royalties should be meaningfully applied to create a positive feedback structure for R&D, which can be described as the process of research, R&D outcomes, technology transfer, collecting royalties, rewarding researchers, and re-investing in R&D. To build a university's R&D capability, re-investment into R&D needs to be regularized as XX% or more of royalties. Fourth, regulations on the royalties of ministries and universities need to be unified. Each category for using royalties needs to be regularized, with detailed matters such as the guideline, process and method for using royalties specified. Also, universities need to make their own specific regulations. Fifth, specific priorities on the use of royalties need to be suggested. Regulation is necessary for the categories that do not have guideline and priorities for the use of royalties. It is hoped that the findings of this research will contribute to reinforcing the R&D capability of universities.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.197-219
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• 2005

This study attempted, in accordance with the National Educational Curriculum, to develop achievement assessment standards for a course within the field of home economics which has been widely adopted by Korean vocational high schools, namely, the food and nutrition subject. Focus was also placed on strengthening the management of the curriculum for this food and nutrition course, as well as on establishing proper assessment standards by developing model assessment tools which can be used to assess the subject. The results of this study can be summarized as follows : First, based on an analysis of the related literature and materials. the desired notion of the achievement and assessment standards was established, and their significance ascertained the achievement and assessment standards for the food and nutrition course were set and the type of model assessment tool which should be developed, as well as the method in which it should be applied. was established Second. by analyzing the curriculums and the contents of the textbooks used in the food and nutrition subject, the researcher was able to compile the 70 factors which could to be used to develop the achievement and assessments standards, and then classify these into 6 main categories and 32 sub-categories. Based on the characteristics of these factors and learners' academic performance levels the number of factors was expanded to 89 in order to establish the achievement standards. In turn, these achievement standards were used, in accordance with the learners' achievement and teaming activity levels, to develop three different levels of assessment standards. namely, upper, middle, and lower ones. Third. a model assessment tool was developed which could be used by individual school units as a reference in terms of achievement and assessment standards, and that could be modified to meet each school's circumstances. In order to create the model assessment tool a 100-question questionnaire was formulated that contained various types of questions, such as essay, report, theoretical and practical, portfolio, as well as multiple choice-type questions. Lastly, the researcher introduced measures to effectively use the achievement and assessment standards developed for the food and nutrition course, as well as the model assessment tool in school units.