• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.353-358
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• 2022

To confirm the applicability of crab apple, the composition and content of amino acids and minerals with 'Fuji' apple were measured. Apple and crab apple were extracted with water, 70% and 100% ethanol, respectively. The contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid, antioxidant activities of these extracts were measured. The amino acid composition of apples comprised a total of 17 amino acids. The total amino acid contents of apple and crab apple were 2,050.45 mg/kg and 900.05 mg/kg, respectively. For minerals, the total mineral content of apple and crab apple were 489.14 mg%, 529.77 mg%, respectively. The contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid of apple and crab apple extracts were highest in 70% ethanol extracts. The content of polyphenols, the crab apple extract, showed a generally higher content than the apple extract. The content of flavonoids, apple and crab apple extracts revealed no difference between extracts. The content of ascorbic acid, apple extract showed a generally higher content than the crab apple extract, but there was no significant difference between extracts. In the case of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities, 70% ethanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity, and crab apple showed higher activity than apple extracts.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 기능성이 우수한 도라지를 이용하여 흑도라지를 제조하였으며, 흑도라지 추출물, 사과즙, 대추추출물의 혼합비율을 달리하여 흑도라지 사과주스를 제조하고 각각의 품질특성과 기능성을 분석하였다. 흑도라지 사과주스의 pH는 3.90~4.15이었으며, 산도는 1.2에서 1.5 사이를 나타내었다. 당도를 측정한 결과 흑도라지 사과주스 E가 가장 높은 값(9.33 $^{\circ}Brix$)을 나타내었으며, 환원당 함량의 경우 흑도라지 사과주스 E가 85.05 mg/mL로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었고, 흑도라지 사과주스 B가 41.23 mg/mL로 가장 낮은 함량을 보였다. 당산비 수치의 경우 당도와 환원당 함량이 가장 높은 흑도라지 사과주스 E가 6.98%로 가장 높은 수치를 보였다. 색도는 명도와 황색도는 흑도라지 사과주스 E가 가장 높았으며 적색도는 흑도라지 사과주스 C가 가장 높았다. 관능적 특성을 측정한 결과 향미를 제외한 모든 항목에서 흑도라지 사과주스 C가 가장 우수하게 나타났다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 흑도라지 사과주스 D가 가장 높은 폴리페놀 함량(706 ${\mu}g/mL$)과 항산화 활성을 보였으나 흑도라지 사과주스 C와 항산화 활성에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 따라서 흑도라지 사과주스 C가 관능적 특성 및 항산화 활성이 우수하여, 흑도라지 사과주스 제조를 위해 흑도라지 추출물, 사과주스, 대추추출물을 2:4:1의 비율로 혼합하는 것이 가장 바람직 할 것으로 판단된다.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.265-271
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• 2015

This study proposes an algorithm for recognizing apple trees in images and detecting apples to measure the number of apples on the trees. The proposed algorithm explores whether there are apple trees or not based on the number of image block-unit edges, and then it detects apple areas. In order to extract colors appropriate for apple areas, the CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ color space is used. In order to extract apple characteristics strong against illumination changes, modified census transform (MCT) is used. Then, using the AdaBoost learning algorithm, characteristics data on the apples are learned and generated. With the generated data, the detection of apple areas is made. The proposed algorithm has a higher detection rate than existing pixel-based image processing algorithms and minimizes false detection.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.87-90
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• 2010

This study consisted of a quantitative analysis of five phenolic ingredients in differently sized unripe apple extracts, and their tyrosinase inhibitory effects were examined. In the HPLC analysis of phenolic ingredients, small ($4{\pm}1\;g$ per one) unripe apple extracts were observed to have significantly higher quercetin content than larger ($8{\pm}1\;g$ per one) unripe apple and ripe apple extracts. The amount of catechin, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid contents were similar in both the small and large unripe apple extracts. For the results of the tyrosinase assay, small unripe apple extracts provided a potent tyrosinase inhibitory effect, showing 89.2% at 1000 ppm. The tyrosinase inhibitory effects of large unripe apple and ripe apple extracts were weaker than those of the small unripe apple extract. These results suggest that the small unripe apple extract could be useful for de-pigmenting material, while quercetin could be responsible for the potent tyrosinase inhibitory properties of small unripe apple extracts.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.858-864
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• 2018

To improve the utility of apple, apple flesh (Malus domestica cv. Fuji), pomace and peels were dried and then extracted using solvents (water, 70% and 100% ethanol). The contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, ursolic acid and antioxidant activities were measured as extracted from the apple flesh, pomace and peel. The content of polyphenols was the highest in the apple peel when 100% ethanol was extracted. The content of flavonoids was about 3~8 times higher in apple peel than those of flesh and pomace, and 70% ethanol extract was the highest content. Ascorbic acid content was the highest in apple peel as well as flavonoid content. The content of ursolic acid in the apple flesh was not detected in water and ethanol extraction. In the case of apple pomace and peel, ursolic acid was not detected in water extract but it was detected when ethanol was extracted. The content of ursolic acid was highest in the apple peel. In the case of antioxidative activity, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ability showed the highest ability when apple peel was extracted with 70% ethanol.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.174-180
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum extraction method suitable for the availability of biological activities in unripe apples known to be rich in functional components. Unripe apples 'Hongro' picked on May 28th, 2019 were extracted by various extraction methods (hot water, ethanol, enzymatic pre-treatment, ultrasonic wave, and subcritical water) and their extracts were investigated yield, effective component contents, and antioxidant activities. Overall, the yields by the extraction solvent were higher in water than in organic solvent(ethanol) because water-soluble compounds were eluted from a polar solvent. Total phenol contents of the ultrasonic wave (ethanol) extracts were significantly higher in 6 times than hot water extract. Contents of flavonoid were highest in the ethanol extract at 29.14 mg QE/g. Contents of tannin and ursolic acid were also significantly higher in the ultrasonic wave (ethanol) extract. The DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging activities were the strongest in the ultrasonic wave (ethanol) extract. Correlation between effective components and antioxidant activities was high in the total phenol content with ABTS and the ursolic acid content with DPPH (p<0.01). The above results suggested that ultrasonic wave (ethanol) extract of unripe apples has the potential to act as a functional material.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.617-625
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• 2021

사과주스 등 가공처리 후에는 사과의 부산물인 사과박이 다량 발생하며 일부는 동물 사료로 사용되지만 대부분이 산업 폐기물로 처리되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 사과박의 영양성분 및 ursolic acid 함량을 분석하고, 항산화 활성 및 항비만 효과를 측정함으로서 사과박의 기능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 시료로는 열풍건조 한 사과박과 동결건조 한 사과박을 이용하였으며 추출용매로는 증류수, 발효주정, methanol을 사용하여 사과박 추출물을 제조하였다. 열풍건조 한 사과박과 동결건조 한 사과박의 일반성분 분석 결과 수분함량은 열풍건조한 사과박에서는 3.2%, 동결건조 한 사과박에서는 8.2%로 건조방법에 따라 다소 차이가 있었지만 그 외 다른 일반성분에서는 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 총 식이섬유 함량은 열풍건조 한 사과박에서 28.5%, 동결건조 한 사과박에서 33.0%로 사과의 식이섬유는 주로 세포벽에 존재하기 때문에 가공과정 후에도 부산물에 다량 존재하여 각종 식이섬유 식품의 제조에 있어 유용하게 사용이 가능하다고 판단되었다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 열풍건조 한 사과박에서는 methanol 추출물에서 306.7 ㎍/ml로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었고, 발효주정에서 243.7 ㎍/ml을 나타내었다. 동결건조 한 사과박에서도 마찬가지로 methanol 추출물에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었으며 두 시료 모두 증류수 추출물에서 가장 낮은 함량을 나타내어 사과박에서의 페놀 화합물 추출을 위해서 증류수 보다 methanol이나 발효주정과 같은 알코올성 용매를 사용하는 것이 적합한 것으로 판단되었다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 열풍건조 한 사과박의 methanol 추출물에서 950.1 ㎍/ml, 동결건조 한 사과박의 methanol 추출물에서 925.0 ㎍/ml로 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. 열풍건조 한 사과박의 DPPH radical 소거능은 methanol 추출물에서 73.3%로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었고, 발효주정 추출물에서는 59.4%의 결과값을 나타내었다. 동결건조 한 사과박에서도 methanol 추출물에서 76.1%, 발효주정 추출물에서 66.0%로 열풍건조 한 사과박에서와 비슷한 양상을 보였다. 양성대조구로 사용한 0.1 ㎍/ml ascorbic acid를 시료와 동일한 조건으로 측정하였을 때 79.6%로 본 실험의 methanol 추출물과 비슷한 활성을 나타내었다. ABTS radical 소거능은 두 시료 모두 methanol 추출물에서 열풍건조 한 사과박에서는 0.330 mM Torolox, 동결건조한 사과박에서는 0.314 mM Trolox에 해당하는 항산화능을 나타내어 세 가지 용매 중 가장 활성이 높게 나타났으며 DPPH radical 소거능에서와 마찬가지로 증류수 추출물에서 가장 낮은 활성을 나타내었다. 열풍건조 한 사과박과 동결건조 한 사과박의 환원력을 측정한 결과 다른 항산화능 측정 실험과는 달리 증류수 추출물에서도 발효주정추출물과 비슷한 환원력을 나타내었다. 또한 양성대조구로 사용한 0.1 ㎍/ml ascorbic acid는 311.5 ㎍/ml의 환원력을 나타내어 모든 실험군에서 양성대조구보다 더 강한 환원력을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. Ursolic acid는 항산화활성이 뛰어나고 중성지방 감소로 인한 체지방 분해효과가 있는 것으로 알려진 유기산으로 본 실험에서 증류수 추출물에서는 전혀 검출되지 않았으며 두 시료 모두 methanol 추출물에서 열풍건조 한 사과박은 1,753.32 ㎍/ml, 동결건조 한 사과박은 1,407.03 ㎍/ml로 발효주정 추출물에서 보다 더 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 열풍건조 한 사과박과 동결건조 한 사과박의 항산화활성을 비교하였을 때 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았고, 동결건조는 열풍건조에 비하여 에너지 소비가 많고 비용이 비싸기 때문에 열풍건조가 산업에 적용하기에 더 적합할 것으로 판단되었다. 또한 methanol 추출물에서 가장 높은 항산화활성을 나타내었지만, 발효주정 추출물에서도 높은 활성을 보여 화장품 소재 및 기능성 식품 소재로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.441-451
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• 2023

Golden apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata) were first introduced as food for high protein source and were later widely used as a means of weeding in rice paddies by taking of their vigorous feeding habits. Since 2000, the wintering of golden snails has been found and damage to rice plants occurred by them. To prevent damage, a means to control golden apple snails has become necessary. In this study, we investigated the possibility of eco-friendly control of golden apple snail by using Styrax japonicus fruit that grow naturally in-country. When the ethanol extract of the fruit was treated for controlling golden apple snail, the effect of over 90% was confirmed at 250 and 125 ppm after 1 day. Using UPLC MS analysis, two major compounds, dihydrorotenone known as a natural pesticide was detected. The molluscicidal activity was confrimed at 50 ppm of dihydrorotenone standard material. Our results showed that the possibility of developing an eco-friendly agent of golden apple snail using S. japonicus fruit was confirmed.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.94-100
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• 2000

An analytical method was developed to determine abamectin and milbemectin residues in apple, pear, and citrus using HPLC with ultraviolet absorption detection. Abamectin and milbemectin were extracted with methanol from apple, pear, and citrus samples. The extract was diluted with saline water and dichloromethane partition was followed to recover the compounds from the aqueous phase. Florisil column chromatography and aminopropyl solid-phase extraction were employed as cleanup methods to remove most of co-extractives from the sample extract. Reverse-phase HPLC using an octadecylsilyl column was successfully applied to separate and quantitate abamectin and milbemectin residues in sample extracts at the wavelength of 245 nm. Recoveries of abamectin and milbemectin from fortified samples ranged 80.4~90.3% and 90.9~96.8%, respectively. Relative standard deviations of the analytical method were less than 10% for both acaricides. Detection limit of the analytical method was 0.003 mg/kg sample for all the analytes. The proposed method was reproducible and sensitive enough to evaluate terminal residues of abamectin and milbemectin in apple, pear, and citrus.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.245-250
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• 2004

An analytical method was developed to determine monocrotophos residues in apple, citrus, and soil using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet absorption detection. Monocrotophos was extracted with acetone from apple, citrus and moist soil samples. The extract was concentrated, added with saline water, and subjected to n-hexane washing to remove nonpolar co-extractives. Dichloromethane partition was then followed to recover monocrotophos from the aqueous phase. Silica gel column chromatography was employed to further purify the extract prior to HPLC determination. Reverse-phase HPLC using an oct-adecylsilyl column was successfully applied to separate and quantitate the monocrotophos residue in sample extracts at the wavelength of 230 nm. Overall recoveries of monocrotophos from fortified samples averaged $95.3{\pm}2.1%$ (n=6), $970{\pm}0.7%$ (n=6), and $92.8{\pm}4.3%$ (n=12) for apple, citrus, and soil, respectively. The proposed method was quite reproducible and sensitive enough to replace the troublesome gas-liquid chromatographic analysis for monocrotophos residues.