• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.358-368
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• 1994

Major factors in reducing the stacking strength of corrugated fiberboard boxes in cold storage or transport conditions are high relative humidity, causing elevated moisture absorption by the boxes. The bottom boxes in a stack will deform to the critical deflection causing agricultural products damage there, and eventually additional deflection will cause box collapse and finally toppling of the stack. The study was conducted to determine the water absorption characteristics and the compressive strength of the corrugated fiberboard boxes being widely used in packaging agricultural products in Korea. The sample boxes for the study were selected from the regular slotted containers (RSC) types, and one was the box used in apple packaging (Box A), another one was the box used in pear packaging (Box B). The corrugated shipping containers were made from a large portion of recycled fibers in Korea, and comparing with Box B, Box A was fabricated from fiberboard which contained more percentage of old corrugated containers (OCC) imported from foreign countries than domestic waste paper. The results obtained from the study were summarized as follows ; 1. Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of the sample boxes was established after about 20 hours, and the EMC by absorption was lower than that by desorption. The EMC increased with the increasing of relative humidity and with the decreasing of temperature, and the rate of increasing was much higher above the relative humidity of 50%. 2. The maximum compressive strength of Box A was about 100 kgf greater than that of Box B on the same enviromental conditions. The strength of the sample boxes decreased rapidly with the increasing of relative humidity. The effect of relative humidity on the strength was a little higher than that of temperature. 3. As the applied load was progressively increased and a level was reached, the vertical side panels ($L{\times}D$) deflected laterally inwards or outwards. The panels deflected laterally inwards at higher relative humidity. 4. The maximum compressive deflection ratio and the critical deflection ratio of the sample boxes were increased linearly with the increasing of relative hunidity, but trends for its ratios showed inconsistant response to temperature.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.360-367
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• 1995

The effect of air vent holes, stacking methods of boxes and clearance between boxes on static pressure drop, were measured to design of pressure cooling system. Static pressure drops in air vent hole of carton box were measured for different hole opening ratio from 1% to 5%. Static pressure drop was expressed as a function of superficial velocity as second-degree polynomial. At given static pressure in plenum chamber, static pressure drop in boxes was shown as second-degree polynomial of the number of carton box in series stacking method, as first-degree polynomial in height and parallel stacking method. In pressure cooling of 24 boxes of Tsugaru apple, air flow rates through clearance between the boxes were shown 1.27 and 1.65 times than those of through the inside of boxes at the plenum pressure of 10mmAq and 20mmAq, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.80-84
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• 2000

To investigate the effect of packaging condition on functional MA films laminated (30CE, 50CE), corrugated paperboard box (control), 30LDPE, and 50LDPE pouches on the freshness extension of Fuji apples, the weight loss, firmness, total ascorbic acid, titratable acidity, soluble solids content and appearence were evaluated at 5$^{\circ}C$ after 75 days. Weight loss of 30CE and 50CE, and 30LD and 50LD was 0.4 to 0.5%, and 0.2%, but control was 2.7%. Firmness in film packages was higher than that of control, and CE packagings were higher than LD. Total ascorbic acid content of Fuji apple in control after 75 days was 2.12 mg%, that of control was decreased by 42%, those of LD packagings were 31% and 29%, and those of CE were 24% and 22%. Titratable acidity and soluble solids content in control changed more than that of MA film packagings. Overall appearence of 'Fuji' apples in CE packagings was better than that of control.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2017

Technology forecasting is predict future trend and state of technology by analyzing the results so far of developing technology. In general, a patent has novel information about the result of developed technology, because the exclusive right of technology included in patent is protected for a time period by patent law. So many studies on the technology forecasting using patent data analysis has been performed. The patent keyword data widely used in patent analysis consist of occurred frequency of the keyword. In most previous researches, the continuous data analyses such as regression or Box-Jenkins Models were applied to the patent keyword data. But, we have to apply the analytical methods of discrete data for patent keyword analysis because the keyword data is discrete. To solve this problem, we propose a patent analysis methodology using Bayesian Poisson discrete model. To verify the performance of our research, we carry out a case study by analyzing the patent documents applied by Apple until now.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.554-564
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to assist farmers in determining the optimal time for the shipment of stored apples by investigating the market trends, storage status and release dates of low-temperature stored apples. We surveyed 300 apple cultivation farms in Daegu, Gyeongbuk Province, which is the main producer of apples, and examined the cultivars, cultivation areas, storage conditions, and shipment status of apples. The main results are as follows: the proportion of apples cultivatedat different ripening times was surveyed. According to the results, the proportions of early, middle and late varieties were 78.3%, 63.7% and 96.0%, respectively. Also, 48.7% of the farm households surveyed had cold storage facilities. The average storage cost per apple box(15kg) was 978.3 won for self-storage and 1,771.8 won for consignment storage. For the six(6) months between November and April, the proportion of shipped apples was 91.6% of the total stored apples. The (average total?)annual apple shipment, including apples stored in general storage warehouses, was 744.4 boxes. The (average total?) annual shipment of cold storage apples was 616 boxes. The stored apples were mainly shipped to 'wholesale markets', which have the highest sales share, followed by 'production site collectors' and then 'supermarkets'. The most common shipping method of the apples was by general trucks, followed by low-temperature trucks, and finally by delivery services. The analysis of the factors influencing the decision to release apples by period showed that it was affected by the storage cost, loss rate, and customary shipping in the off-season(from May to August). On the other hand, in the general release season(from November to April), the statistically significant decision factors for the release of apples were the future expected price, storage cost and decision of the leading farmer groups. For farmers with a high share of general shipment, the deciding factors for the release of apples were the future expected price, storage cost, high income expectation, and decision by leading farmers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.99-104
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• 2014

This paper presents a unified live-streaming method based on Hypertext Mark-up Language 5(HTML5) for an IP camera which is independent of browsers of clients and is implemented with open-source libraries. Currently, conventional security systems based on analog CCTV cameras are being modified to newer surveillance systems utilizing IP cameras. These cameras offer remote surveillance and monitoring regardless of the device being used at any time, from any location. However, this approach needs live-streaming protocols to be implemented in order to verify real-time video streams and surveillance is possible after installation of separate plug-ins or special software. Recently, live streaming is being conducted through HTML5 using two different standard protocols: HLS and DASH, that works with Apple and Android products respectively. This paper proposes a live-streaming approach that is linked on either of the two protocols which makes the system independent with the browser or OS. The client is possible to monitor real-time video streams without the need of any additional plug-ins. Moreover, by implementing open source libraries, development costs and time were economized. We verified usefulness of the proposed approach through mobile devices and extendability to other various applications of the system.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.3-18
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• 2009

Do loanword properties emerge in the acquisition of a foreign language and if so, how? Classic studies in adult language learning assumed loanword properties that range from near-ceiling to near-chance level of appearance depending on speech proficiency. The present research argues that such variations reflect different phonological types, rather than speech proficiency. To investigate the difference between learner speech and loanword phonology, the current research analyzes the speech data from five different proficiency levels of 92 Korean speakers who read 19 pairs of English words and sentences that contained loanwords. The experimental method is primarily an acoustical one, by which the phonological cause in the loanwords (e.g., the insertion of [$\Box$] at the end of the word stamp) would be attested to appear in learner speech, in comparison with native speech from 11 English speakers and 11 Korean speakers. The data investigated for the research are of segment deletion, insertion, substitution, and alternation in both learner speech and the native speech. The results indicate that learner speech does not present the loanword properties in many cases, but depends on the types of phonological causes. The relatively easy acquisition of target pronunciation is evidenced in the cases of segment deletion, insertion, substitution, and alternation, except when the loanword property involves the successful command of the target phonology such as the de-aspiration of [p] in apple. Such a case of difficult learning draws a sharp distinction from the cases of easy learning in the development of learner speech, particularly beyond the intermediate level of proficiency. Overall, learner speech departs from loanword phonology and develops toward the native speech value, depending on phonological contrasts in the native and foreign languages.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.5_6
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• pp.39-46
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• 1968

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sugar contents in the loaves of five different host plants on tile larval period, pupal period, pupal period, number of eggs in the ovary, and the tolerance of fall webworm larvae (Hyphantria cunea DRURY) to gamma-BHC. The results obtained in this study were as follows; 1. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sugar in tile leaves tested were varied with the species of the host plants and sampling time. 2. The larval and pupal periods were also varied with the host plants and generation of the fall webworm. The shortest larval and pupal periods were found in the mulberry and the longest ones in the apple tree, and their periods were shortened much more in the second generation. Except the relation between the larval period and tile nitrogen content in the first generation, significant correlation could not be found between their periods and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and surgar contents. The nitrogen contents among the other chemical factors, however, might be much more influenced on their developing period. 3. The pupal weight and number of eggs in the ovary were also varied with the host plants. sex, and generation. In both generations, the greatest pupal weight and number of eggs per female were found in the mulberry and the least ones in the apple tree. No significant correlation could be found between the pupal weight and number of eggs per female and the chemical factors analyzed. However, only the nitrogen content seemed to be highly related to the pupal weight and number of eggs. 4. The tolerance of the fall webworm larval to gamma-BHC was highly varied with the host plants. The host order o( the larval tolerance level to gamma-BHC was box-elder, popla, platanus, apple tree, and mulberry. There was no significant correlation between the larval tolerance to the BHC and the chemical factors analyzed. However, the larvae fed on the host plant with higher pottassium content were shown a tendency to be higher tolerant.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2002

A total of 53 vegetables and fruits, consisting of 23 leaf vegetables, 4 fruits vegetables, 4 edible roots,7 spice vegetables and 15 fruits were analyzed for contents of nitrate and nitrite by ion chromatography. Nitrite was detected 10 of 23 kinds of leaf vegetables, which was dominant in lettuce by average 349.9 mg/kg. Nitrate contents of leaf vegetables were average 578.3 mg/kg, 415.7 mg/kg, 348.6 mg/kg in wild plant, mustard leaf and chinese vegetable, respectively. Nitrite was not detected in fruits vegetables and rootcrops but the nitrate contents were abundant and the highest in squash(average, 86.2 mg/kg) and radish(average, 297.5 mg/kg), respectively. In spice vegetables, mate contents were from 0 to 29.8 mg/kg, but not detected in garlic. In welsh onion, its nitrite were higher in small type than large type, while nitrate contents were higher 3 times in the latter. Nitrate contents of fruits were lower in apple(average, 0.5 mg/kg) and higher in plum(average, 76.6 mg/kg) than other samples.