• 수면정신생리
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.77-89
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• 1996

Data collected to date indicate that sleep apnea syndrome is a risk factor in the development of cardiovascular dysfunction such as systemic hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, right heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Several reports suggest that untreated patients with sleep apnea syndrome have a higher long-term mortality than treated patients and than normal subjects. But there are many controversies concerning the treatment of sleep apnea syndrome, and there is no universally accepted standard for effective treatment. We reviewed the current approaches and options in the medical treatment of sleep apnea syndrome.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.205-209
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• 2012

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea and is caused by obstruction of the upper airway. It is characterized by repetitive pauses in breathing during sleep despite the effort to breathe. Apnea is closely related to clinical findings and respiratory disturbance index (RDI). The total subjects were 42 (male 26, female 16) and examined by polysomography (PSG) in terms of RDI above 5 and below 5 at Mok-Dong Hospital in Ewha Womans University from January to June, 2012. The study revealed the followings: The comparison of clinical findings and RDI above 5 showed significant increase in age, BMI, and snoring sound although lowest $SpO_2$ level decreased. The correlation coefficient analysis between clinical findings and RDI showed statistically significant correlation in age, BMI, lowest $SpO_2$ although snoring sound and average $SpO_2$ showed statistically insignificant correlation.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.22-26
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• 2012

목 적 : 체위성 수면무호흡은 폐쇄성수면무호흡증으로 진단된 환자에서 앙와위 수면시 apnea-hypopnea index(AHI)가 비앙와위 수면시 AHI에 비해 2배 이상인 경우로 정의하며, 일반적으로 전체 폐쇄성수면무호흡 환자의 56%로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 수면 클리닉을 방문하여 폐쇄성수면무호흡을 진단 받은 환자 중 체위성 수면무호흡의 발생빈도를 알아보고, 체위 의존성에 따른 수면무호흡의 임상 소견 및 수면다원검사를 비교 분석하였다. 방 법 : 코골이 및 목격되는 무호흡으로 내원하여 AHI가 5 이상이면서 앙와위 및 비앙와위 수면 시간이 15분 이상이고, 앙와위 시 AHI가 비앙와위시 AHI에 비하여 2배 이상인 경우를 체위성 수면무호흡으로, 그렇지 않은 경우를 비체위성 수면무호흡으로 분류하였다. 체위 의존성 여부에 따라 인구학적 특성과 수면다원검사에서 나타난 수면 변인 및 호흡 변인을 분석하였다. 결 과 : 폐쇄성수면무호흡으로 진단된 101명 중에서 체위성 수면무호흡 환자는 76명(75.2%), 비체위성 수면무호흡 환자는 25명(24.8%)이었다. 폐쇄성수면무호흡의 중증도별로 체위성 수면무호흡의 유무에 따라 발생빈도가 통계적으로 유의하게 차이가 있었으며, 특히 비체위성 수면무호흡 환자군에서는 중증 환자의 비율이 높았다. 비체위성 수면무호흡환자군이 체위성 환자군에 비하여 체중, 허리둘레, 엉덩이 둘레, 허리-엉덩이 둘레비, 체질량 지수 및 목둘레가 유의하게 더 높았다. 수면다원검사상에서는 체위성 수면무호흡군에서 비교적 수면구조가 잘 유지되었으며 주관적인 졸림도 덜하였다. 비체위성 수면무호흡군에서 체위성 수면무호흡군에 비해 평균산소포화도 및 최저산소포화도가 유의하게 낮았으며 AHI는 통계적으로 유의하게 더 높았다. 결 론 : 폐쇄성수면무호흡 환자중 체위성 수면무호흡 환자의 비율은 75% 정도였으며, 비체위성 수면무호흡 환자에 비해 체위성 수면무호흡 환자는 비만도가 덜 하고 경증 및 중등도의 폐쇄성수면무호흡의 양상을 보이는 것으로 관찰되었다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.106-109
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• 2004

소아의 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡증은 흔히 편도 아데노이드 비대증으로 인해 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있으나 비만, 두개 악안면 기형 등 다양한 원인에 의해서도 발생할 수 있다. 소아의 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡증은 야뇨증, 사건 수면, 행동 장애 등과 같은 다양한 합병증을 동반할 수 있다. 그 원인이 편도 아데노이드 비대증이면 수술적인 제거를 통해 증상 호전을 기대할 수 있으나 비만 등 다른 원인에 의한 것이라면 지속성 상기도양압술과 체중 감량 및 생활습관 변화를 통한 치료가 필요하다. 저자들은 편도 아데노이드 절제술 시행 후에도 심한 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡증이 지속되고 다양한 합병증이 나타난 환아에서 상기도양압술로 무호흡 관련 증상 및 동반된 합병증의 호전을 보인 1례를 경험하였기에 보고한다.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.71-75
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• 2019

Sleep apnea is a disease that causes various complications, and the polysomnography is expensive and difficult to measure. The purpose of this study is to develop an unrestricted wearable monitoring system so that patients can be examined in a familiar environment. We used a method to detect sleep apnea events and to determine sleep satisfaction by non-constrained method using SpO2 measurement sensor and 3-axis acceleration sensor. Heart rate and SpO2 were measured at the finger using max30100. After acquiring the SpO2 data of the user in real time, the apnea measurement algorithm was used to transmit the number of apnea events of the user to the mobile phone using Bluetooth (HC-06) on the wrist. Using the three-axis acceleration sensor (mpu6050) attached to the upper body, the number of times of tossing and turning during sleep was measured. Based on this data, this algorithm evaluates the patient's tossing and turning during sleep and transmits the data to the mobile phone via Bluetooth. The power source used 9 volts battery to operate Arduino UNO and sensors for portability and stability, and the data received from each sensor can be used to check the various degree between sleep apnea and sleep tossing and turning on the mobile phone. Through thisstudy, we have developed a wearable sleep apnea measurement system that can be easily used at home for the problem of low sleep efficiency of sleep apnea patients.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.177-184
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• 1998

Objectives : Disturbance of sleep with or without sleep apnea may impair the memory function. Sleep deficiency, sleepiness, sleep apnea and emotional problem in sleep disorders can induce an impairment of memory function. Methods : In this study, the polysomnographies were administered to 58 sleep apnea patients and 38 sleep disorder patients without sleep apnea. Their clinical symptoms were quantitatively evaluated. Short term and long term memory were evaluated before and after polysom no graphy with Digit symbol test and Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test. And correlations among various sleep, repiratory and clinical variables were statistically studied in order to explore which variables may influence on memory function. Results and Conclusions : Results are as follows. Depth of sleep cis positively correlated with memory function. As sleep apnea increases and average saturation of blood oxygen decreases, memory function is more impaired. Emotional depression, high blood pressure, obesity or alcohol impaired memory function. However, daytime sleepiness was not significantly correlated with memory function. The possible mechanisms how above factors influence on the memory function were discussed.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.275-282
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to analyze acupuncture treatment methods and acupoints used to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or obstructive sleep apnea-hypoapnea syndrome (OSAHS). The data were retrieved from January 2010 to May 2022 from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database. The search terms included "adult," "obstructive sleep apnea," "obstructive sleep apnea hypoapnea syndrome," "acupuncture," and "electro-acupuncture." Clinical trials for acupuncture treatment of OSA or OSAHS were included in this review (4 non-randomized controlled studies, 1 was a case report, and 10 randomized controlled studies). For OSA and OSAHS treatment, the acupoints that were most frequently used included REN23, LU7, ST40, EX9, LI11, and DU20. Compared with the control or Western treatment group, the treatment outcome measures of participants in the acupuncture treatment group significantly improved. In some studies, participants in the acupuncture group did not have side effects and the treatment was cost-effective. The data analyzed in this review suggest that acupuncture is an effective treatment for OSA or OSAHS.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.404-415
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• 1998

연구배경: 수면 무호흡 증후군에서 고혈압, 허혈성 심질환, 심부정맥등과 같은 심혈관 합병증과 주간 과다 졸음증은 주간 사고와 사망율의 증가와 관계가 있다. 수면 무호흡 증후군 환자에서의 심혈관 합병증의 원인으로는 수면중의 저산소혈증과 자율 신경 장애가 중요한 역할을 한다. 현재까지 수면 무호흡 증후군 환자에서 자율 신경 장애 유무에 대해서는 상반된 결과가 발표되고 있으며 발생기전도 잘 밝혀져 있지 않다. 저자들은 수면 무호흡 증후군 환자에서 자율 신경 장애 검사로 심혈관 자율 신경 장애 검사법이 유용한 검사가 될 수 있을지를 알아보았고 자율 신경 장애의 유무를 확인하였으며 이들 장애가 의미있는 상관 관계가 있는 인자를 알아보았다. 방 법: 수면 다원 검사에서 수면 무호흡 증후군으로 진단된 환자와 건강한 대조군에서 심혈관 자율 신경 장애 검사를 실시하여 환자군에서 자율 신경 장애 유무를 관찰하였으며 또한 수면 무호흡 증후군에서 심혈관 자율 신경 장애 검사가 유효한 검사법이 될 수 있을지를 알아 보았다. 또한 심혈관 자율 신경 장애 검사 결과와 수면 다원 검사 결과를 비교 분석하여 자율 신경 장애와 관계있는 인자를 알아보았다. 결 과: 수면 무호흡 증후군 환자에서 심혈관 자율 신경 장애 검사법의 결과 환자군에서 대조군보다 Valsalva maneuver 에서 유의한 차이를 보이면서 낮게 측정되었으며 나머지 항목에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 자율 신경 장애의 정도를 나타내는 자율 신경 장애 접수는 환자군이 $1.10{\pm}0.55$점으로 대조군의 $0.30{\pm}0.36$ 점보다 의의있게 높았으며, 교정한 QTc 간격도 환자군이 $423.93{\pm}18.44msec$, 대조군이 $396.93{\pm}19.85msec$로 두 군간에 유의한 차이를 보였다 (p<0.001). 그러나 자율 신경 장애 접수와 교정한 QTc 간격사이에는 상관 관계가 없었다 (r=0.410, p=0.073). 자율 신경 장애 점수와 수면 다원 검사에서 측정된 항목사이에는 유의한 상관 관계를 가지는 항목을 관찰할 수 없었다. 자율 신경 장애 정도를 유형에 따라 5가지로 분류하고 환자의 분포를 당뇨병 환자와 비교해 본 결과 두 질환은 서로 다른 분포를 보였다. 결 론: 수면 무호흡 증후군 환자에서 심혈관 자율 신경 장애 검사법을 적용하여 자율 신경계의 장애가 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며 심혈관자율 신경 장애 검사법이 수면무호흡 환자의 자율 신경 장애를 평가할 수 있는 유용한 검사법이었다. 앞으로 자율 신경 장애의 발생에 관여하는 인자를 밝히기 위한 더 많은 연구가 시행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.419-432
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• 1998

The purpose of this Study was to examine the efficacy and compliance of a mandibular advancement device(MAD) according to the severity of sleep apnea in the snorers and obstructive sleep apnea patients. Fifty-four patients (45 males, 9 females, aged 20 - 68years ) who visited Seoul National Uiversity Dental Hospital(SNUDH) to seek for the treatment of snoring and sleep apnea were classified into four groups according to the results of the nocturnal polysomnography and they were instructed to wear MAD regularly which was designed to increase the size of the upper airway by advancing the mandible. The evaluation of the efficacy and compliance of the MAD according to the severity of apnea and the duration after the usage of MAD ( 1week, 1month, 3months, 6months, 12months) was made by using quesionnaires mad in Department of Oral Medicine and Oral diagnosis, SNUDH. The obtained results were as follows : 1. All subjects results were habitual snoreres and 43 patients(79.6%) complained the loudness of snoring that can be heard out of the room. 2. Apnea index(AI) of the total subjects was mean 29.4$\pm$26.9 and respiratory disturbance index(RDI)was mean 37.6$\pm$28.0. And there was nodifference in the efficacy and the compliances of MAD according to the severity of apnea. 3. The severityi of apnea by the questionnaires significantly corresponded with the results of nocturnal polysomnography, and this fact potentiated the diagnostic value of the questionnaire. 4. after the usage of MAD, there was significant improvement in the frequency of snoring, the loudness of snoring, frequency of apnea, daytime sleepiness nad the refreshment after sleep(p<0.001) regardless of the apnea index(AI) and respiratory distrubance index(RDI). 5. The degree of the satisfaction with MAD was mean 74.4$\pm$18.4% and that of the discomfort with the MAD was 31.4$\pm$19.6%. But there was no serious complication in occlusion and temporomandibular joint with the usage of MAD and the duration of the discomfort was mean 3.3$\pm$2.2 weeks. 6. Forty-one patients(75.9%) continued the usage of MAD but thirteen patients(24.1%) stopped the use of MAD because of the discomforts and insufficient results with it.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2015

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of snoring frequency in the diagnosis and severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: Patients who underwent polysomnography with one or more of the following characteristics were included: 1) sleepiness, non-restorative sleep, fatigue, or insomnia symptoms; 2) arousal due to cessation of breathing or the occurrence of gasping or choking when waking up; and 3) habitual snoring, breathing interruptions, or both, noted by a bed partner or other observer. We analyzed the differences in clinical and polysomnographic variables between patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea and investigated the associations of those variables with obstructive sleep apnea severity. Results: One hundred ninety-three patients met the inclusion criteria, and 145 of the 193 patients were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that large neck circumference (p = 0.0054) and high snoring index (p = 0.0119) were independent predictors for obstructive sleep apnea. Moreover, between the obstructive sleep apnea severity groups, there was a strong tendency of difference in body mass index (p = 0.0441) and neck circumference (p = 0.0846). However, there was no significant difference in snoring frequency according to obstructive sleep apnea severity (p = 0.4914). Conclusions: We confirmed that snoring frequency is a predictor of obstructive sleep apnea. In addition, we showed for the first time that snoring frequency is not associated with obstructive sleep apnea severity, thus it is not a valuable marker for predicting obstructive sleep apnea severity.